. 2014 Mar 12;73(2):340–351. doi: 10.1017/S0029665114000068

Table 1.

Factors associated with ethnic differences in Ca, P and bone metabolism within the USA

Parameter	African-Americans v. White-Americans^*
Osteoporosis/fracture risk⁽⁵^–⁷⁾	↓
Dietary Ca⁽⁴⁴^,⁵³^,⁵⁹⁾	↓
Dietary P⁽⁶⁰⁾	↓/=
Plasma 25(OH)D⁽⁵⁹^,⁶⁶^,⁶⁷⁾	↓
Plasma 1,25(OH)₂D⁽⁷¹^–⁷³⁾	↑
Plasma PTH⁽⁵⁹^,⁷¹^–⁷⁴⁾	↑
Bone turnover markers⁽⁵⁹^,⁷⁴⁾	↓
Renal Ca and P excretion⁽⁵⁹^,⁷²^,⁷⁷⁾	↓

PTH, parathyroid hormone.

Arrows indicate the differences compared with White-Americans.