Table 3. Cost-effectiveness studies of vaccinating males.
| Elbasha et al.40 | Elbasha and Dasbach45 | Jit et al.46 | Kim and Goldie47 | Kim43 | Taira et al.42 | Zechmeister et al.41 | Olsen and Jepsen48 | Chesson et al.49 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Country | US | US | UK | US | US | US | Austria | Denmark | US |
| Modeling approach | Dynamic, aggregate, deterministic | Dynamic, aggregate, deterministic | Dynamic, aggregate, stochastic | Transmission and disease progression were modeled separately. For HPV 16/18 transmission: dynamic, aggregate, stochastic; for disease progression: static, individual-based, stochastic | Static, aggregate, stochastic | Two-part (transmission: dynamic, aggregate, deterministic; disease: static, aggregate, stochastic) | Dynamic, aggregate, deterministic | Agent-based (dynamic, individual, stochastic) | Dynamic, aggregate, deterministic |
| Diseases included | CC, GW | CC, VAG, VUL, PEN, ANA, H&N, JO/AORRP, GW | CC, GW | CC, VAG, VUL, PEN, ANA, H&N (oropharyngeal), JORRP, GW | ANA, GW | CC | CC | CC, GW | CC, VAG, VUL, PEN, ANA, H&N (oropharyngeal), JORRP, GW |
| Natural immunity | SIR | SIRS | SIRS | SIR | n/A | SIS | SIS | SIS | SIR |
| Coverage rate (as for ICER) | 70% | F: 7–80% M: 4–48% |
80% | 75% | 50% | 70% | 65% | 70% | 75% |
| Vaccine and booster price | $360 | $400 | £210 (incl. admin.) | $500 | $500 | $300; $100 (booster) | €360 | €415 | $500 |
| Efficacy | |||||||||
| Against infection | 90% | F: 76–96% M: 41–62% |
100% | F: 100%; M: 85% | 90% | 90% | 90% | 100% | F: 95%; M: 90% |
| Against disease outcome | 100% | F: 98–100% M: 84–91% |
- | F: 100%; M: 90% | 90% | - | - | - | |
| Protection duration (years) | Lifetime | 32 (half life) | 10, 20 or lifetime | Lifetime | Lifetime | 10 after booster | 10 after booster | Lifetime (?) | Lifetime |
| Discount rates (for both costs and benefits) | 3.0% | 3.0% | 3.5% | 3.0% | 3.0% | 3.0% | 5.0% | 3.0% | 3.0% |
| Assessed strategy and ICER | 12FM+CU12–24F vs. 12F+CU12–24F $41 803/QALYg ~€22 442/QALYg |
9–26FM vs. 9–26F $25 664/QALYg ~€20 541/QALYg |
12FM vs. 12F+CU12–25F £520 255/QALYg ~€650 319/QALYg |
12FM vs. 12F $90 870/QALYg ~€72 696/QALYg |
12M vs. NoVac $15 290/QALYg ~€12 232/QALYg |
12FM +B22FM vs. 12F+B22F $422 039/QALYg ~€337 631/QALYg |
12FM+B22FM vs. 12F+B22F €311 000/LYg |
12FM vs. NoVac €18 677/QALYg |
12FM+CU13–26F vs. 12F+CU13–26F $184 270/QALYg ~€147 416/QALYg |
CC, cervical cancer; VAG, vaginal cancer; VUL, vulvar cancer; PEN, penile cancer; ANA, anal cancer; H&N, head and neck cancers; JO, juvenile-onset; AO, adult-onset; RRP, recurrent respiratory papillomatosis; GW, genital warts; F, female; M, male; CU, catch-up; B, booster; NoVac, no vaccination; QALYg, QALY gained; LYg, life year gained; SIS, Susceptible-Infectious-Susceptible; SIR, Susceptible-Infectious-Recovered; SIRS, Susceptible-Infectious-Removed-Susceptible. Exchange rate: €1 = $1.25 = £0.80 (as of May 2012)44