Table 4.
Quantitative distribution of β-carotene isomers in provitamin A-biofortified maize grain and its processed products (μg/g dry weight)
| Maize variety | Maize form | β-carotene isomers | Total cis ac | Total β-carotenead | % trans e | % cis f | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| All-trans a | 9-cis a | Other cis ab | ||||||
| RAW GRAIN | ||||||||
| CC-37 (white) | NDg | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | |
| 10 MAK 7-5 | 1.7h(0.2)i | 0.6 (0.1) | 1.3 (0.2) | 1.9 (0.5) | 3.6 (0.6) | 46.0 (0.7) | 54.0 (0.7) | |
| 10 MAK 7-7 | 1.5 (0.1) | 0.5 (0.0) | 1.5 (0.1) | 1.9 (0.7) | 3.5 (0.3) | 42.2 (2.8) | 55.9 (0.2) | |
| 10 MAK 7-8 | 1.5 (0.1) | 0.5 (0.0) | 1.5 (0.0) | 2.0 (0.7) | 3.4 (0.1) | 42.8 (0.1) | 57.2 (0.1) | |
| MILLED | ||||||||
| Raw mealie meal | ||||||||
| 10 MAK 7-5 | 1.8 (0.2) | 0.8 (0.1) | 1.3 (0.2) | 2.1 (0.3) | 3.8 (0.4) | 46.2 (0.4) | 53.8 (0.4) | |
| 10 MAK 7-7 | 2.2 (0.1) | 0.9 (0.1) | 1.7 (0.1) | 2.6 (0.6) | 4.7 (0.3) | 45.7 (0.6) | 54.3 (0.6) | |
| 10 MAK 7-8 | 1.9 (0.0) | 0.7 (0.0) | 1.5 (0.1) | 2.2 (0.6) | 4.1 (0.1) | 45.8 (0.4) | 54.3 (0.4) | |
| Raw samp | ||||||||
| 10 MAK 7-5 | 1.9 (0.1) | 0.8 (0.0) | 1.5 (0.1) | 2.3 (0.5) | 4.2 (0.1) | 45.2 (0.3) | 54.8 (0.3) | |
| 10 MAK 7-7 | 1.7 (0.1) | 0.7 (0.0) | 1.7 (0.1) | 2.3 (0.7) | 4.0 (0.1) | 41.9 (0.1) | 58.1 (0.1) | |
| 10 MAK 7-8 | 1.7 (0.1) | 0.6 (0.0) | 1.7 (0.1) | 2.3 (0.7) | 4.0 (0.2) | 42.8 (0.0) | 57.2 (0.0) | |
| COOKED | ||||||||
| Phutu | ||||||||
| 10 MAK 7-5 | 1.6 (0.1) | 0.7 (0.0) | 1.7 (0.1) | 2.5 (0.7) | 4.1 (0.3) | 39.9 (0.2) | 60.1 (0.2) | |
| 10 MAK 7-7 | 1.7 (0.0) | 0.7 (0.0) | 1.4 (0.0) | 2.1 (0.4) | 3.8 (0.1) | 44.7 (0.4) | 55.3 (0.4) | |
| 10 MAK 7-8 | 1.7 (0.0) | 0.9 (0.0) | 1.4 (0.0) | 2.3 (0.3) | 4.0 (0.1) | 43.3 (0.3) | 56.7 (0.3) | |
| Thin porridge | ||||||||
| 10 MAK 7-5 | 1.2 (0.0) | 0.8 (0.0) | 0.8 (0.0) | 1.6 (0.1) | 2.8 (0.0) | 43.3 (0.8) | 56.7 (0.8) | |
| 10 MAK 7-7 | 1.4 (0.0) | 0.9 (0.0) | 1.1 (0.0) | 2.0 (0.1) | 3.4 (0.1) | 40.0 (0.3) | 60.0 (0.3) | |
| 10 MAK 7-8 | 1.4 (0.0) | 0.7 (0.0) | 1.1 (0.0) | 1.8 (0.3) | 3.2 (0.1) | 43.8 (0.1) | 56.2 (0.1) | |
| Samp | ||||||||
| 10 MAK 7-5 | 1.6 (0.0) | 1.1 (0.1) | 1.2 (0.1) | 2.3 (0.1) | 3.9 (0.1) | 41.3 (0.9) | 58.7 (0.9) | |
| 10 MAK 7-7 | 1.6 (0.0) | 0.8 (0.0) | 1.5 (0.0) | 2.3 (0.5) | 3.9 (0.0) | 40.9 (0.1) | 59.1 (0.1) | |
| 10 MAK 7-8 | 1.9 (0.0) | 0.9 (0.0) | 1.6 (0.0) | 2.5 (0.5) | 4.4 (0.0) | 42.8 (0.3) | 57.2 (0.3) | |
aMeasured in μg/g
bConcentration of unidentified cis isomers of β-carotene
cSum of 9-cis and other cis
dSum of all-trans, 9-cis and other cis
eCalculated from duplicate values for% trans
fCalculated from duplicate values for% cis
g ND Not detected, detection limit for β-carotene was <0.01 mg/100 g
hMean of four determinations
iStandard deviation given in parenthesis