Table 1. Arteriogenic interventions in experimental stroke research.
| Treatment | Author | Species | Ischemia model | Assessment techniques | End points |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| GM-CSF | Buschmann et al119 | Sprague-Dawley rats | Brain hypoperfusion: left common carotid and bilateral vertebral artery occlusion. | Angiogram using latex perfusion and histochemical analysis for monocytes (CD 68) and proliferation marker, Ki-67 | Posterior cerebral artery arteriogenesis together with increased cell proliferation and monocyte infiltration |
| Niacin | Chen et al120 | Wistar rats | tMCAO for 2 hours | Latex perfusion and double histochemical staining for cell proliferation marker, BrdU and VSMCs (α-SMA) | Increased diameter of the Circle of Willis arteries together with increased arterial diameter and BrdU-positive VSMCs in the ischemic border zone |
| Simvastatin | Zacharek et al121 | Wistar rats | tMCAO for 2 hours | Double histochemical staining for cell proliferation marker, BrdU and VSMCs (α-SMA) | Increased arterial density, diameter, and perimeter in the ischemic border zone |
| G-CSF | Sugiyama et al122 | C57BL/6 mice | Left common carotid artery occlusion | Angiogram using latex perfusion and histochemical analysis for monocytes (Mac-2) | Leptomeningeal collateral growth and monocyte infiltration in the dorsal surface of the brain |
| Tocotrienol (Vitamin E) | Rink et al123 | Mongrel canines | tMCAO for 1 hour | Digital subtraction angiography | Improved leptomeningeal collateral circulation |
| Simvastatin and Human umblical cord blood cells combination | Cui et al124 | Wistar rats | tMCAO for 2 hours | Double immunofluorescent staining for BrdU (marker of proliferating cells) and α-SMA (VSMCs marker) | The diameter and the density of α-SMA arteries were significantly increased in the ipsilateral hemisphere. In addition, the percentage of BrdU-VSMC in the artery walls was also significantly increased at 14 days after stroke |
| GW3965 (synthetic liver X receptor agonist) | Cui et al125 | C57BL/6J mice | tMCAO for 2.5 hours | Double immunofluorescent staining for BrdU (marker of proliferating cells) and α-SMA (VSMCs marker) | GW3965 treatment significantly increased the arterial density and the diameter of α-SMA arteries and the percentage of BrdU-SMCs in arteries |
CD 68, cluster of differentiation 68; GM-CSF, granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor; G-CSF, granulocyte colony-stimulating factor; BrdU, bromodeoxyuridine; α-SMA, α-smooth muscle actin; tMCAO, temporary middle cerebral artery occlusion; SMC, smooth muscle cell; VSMCs, vascular SMCs.