. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2015 Apr 15.

Published in final edited form as: Int J Cardiol. 2014 Feb 20;173(1):1–11. doi: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2014.02.008

Table 1.

Overview of epigenetic modifications: DNA methylation and Histone modifications in cardiomyopathy.

Epigenetic Modification	Target	Binding domains	Altered Gene expression	Phenotype	References
DNA methylation	CPG islands	None	Upregulation or Downregulation	Heart failure and altered gene expression of angiogenic factors	[70, 134]
Histone modifications
Methylation	H3K4me3, H3K4me2, H3K9me3, H3K27me3, H3K79me	PTIP, DOTIL	Upregulation or Downregulation	Fetal cardiac gene activation; angiogenesis and heart failure; dialated cardiomyopathy	[59–61, 143]
Demethylation	H3K4me3, H3K4me3, H3K36me3, H3K27me3	JMJD2A, UTX	Upregulation or Downregulation	Cardiac hypertrophy stimulation; heart malformation and embryo lethality	[59, 62–64]
Acetylation	H3K4, K19, H4K5, K8, K12, K16	CREBP- binding protein (CBP)/p300	Upregulation	Cardiac hypertrophy regulation	[49, 135, 136]
Deacetylation	Histone tails	Class II HDACs (HDAC-4,5,9)		Inhibit the activity of myocyte enhancer factor 2 (MEF2); negative regulation of cardiac hypertrophy	[55, 137]
Phosphorylation	H3 S10/S28/S10, H4Y41 and H2B, HDACs	Aurora, Rsk2, Msk1, IKKα, PIMI, Akt, CaMK11, JAK2, AMPK, PKD	Upregulation or Downregulation	Mototic activity, cellular proliferation, cardiac hypertrophy regulation; transcriptional activation	[8, 138–142]
Ribosylation	Histones and PARP-1, HDACs and brg1	PARP-1	Upregulation	Cardiac hypertrophy and heart failure; form a complex with Brg1 and HDACs and increase expression of fetal β-MHC	[52]