Table 3.

mi-RNAs involved in cardiac regeneration

micro-RNA	Functions	Reference
miR-1	Increases differentiation of hPSCs into cardiomyocytes and enhances direct reprogramming of human fibroblasts into cardiomyocytes	[89, 91, 92, 148]
miR-499	Overexpression enhances hPSC cardiac differentiation and CPC cardiac differentiation	[89, 92]
miR-199a	Expression in cardiomyocytes induces proliferation and facilitates cardiac regeration following myocardial infarction in adult mice	[82]
miR-15 family	Inhibition of this microRNA enhances cardiomyocyte survival following ischemia-reperfusion injury in vitro and in vivo, as well as in response to palmitate in vitro; inhibition also facilitates cardiac regeration following myocardial infarction in adult mice	[83, 149–152]
miR-199b	In vivo inhibition of miR-199b normalized significantly attenuated cardiac functional impairment, fibrosis and NFAT activity; the target of miR-199b is Dyrk1	[153]
mir-29	miR-29 downregulation prenvents aortic dialation	[154]
miR-21	Antagomir-21 decreased the development of cardiac fibrosis and improved cardiac function	[155–157]
miR-98	Overexpression of miR-98 reduced AngII mediated fibrosis and amount of apoptotic myocytes	[158]
miR-17-92 cluster	Overexpression enhances cardiac progenitor cell proliferation and facilitates cardiac regeneration following myocardial MI in adult mice	[90]
miR-23, miR-24	Overexpression Enhances cardiomyocyte survival following MI n in adult mice and enhances angiogenesis	[159, 160]
mir-27	Enhances angiogenesis	[160]
miR-34a	Expression levels gradually increase with age in mice and humans and inihibition enhances cardiomyocyte survival following MI in adult mice	[154]
miR-92a, miR-133	Enhances mesodermal differentiation of hPSCs and enhances direct reprogramming of human fibroblasts into cardiomyocytes;	[91, 121, 148]
miR-143/145	Knockdown prevents cardiogenesis in murine embryonic stem cell differentiation	[161]
miR-378	Inhibition of this microRNA improves cardiomyocyte survival in an in vitro model of hypoxia-reperfusion	[162]
miR-590	Expression of this microRNA in cardiomyocytes induces proliferation and facilitates cardiac regeration following MI in adult mice	[82]