Overexpression of miR-29b attenuates advanced glycation end (AGE)-induced TGF-β/Smad3-mediated fibrosis in mesangial cells in vitro. (a) Real-time PCR detects miR-29b expression in response to AGE (50 µg/ml) stimulation by mesangial cells in the presence or absence of Dox (2 µg/ml)-induced miR-29b overexpression. (b–d) Real-time PCR shows that Dox-induced miR-29b overexpression inhibits AGE-induced collagen I, collagen IV, and fibronectin mRNA expression in mesangial cells. (e) Western blot analysis shows that Dox-induced miR-29b overexpression inhibits AGE-induced upregulation of fibronectin, collagen I, collagen IV, and phosphorylation of Smad3 in mesangial cells. (f) Real-time PCR shows that Dox-induced overexpression of miR-29b inhibits AGE-induced TGF-β mRNA expression by mesangial cells. Data represent the mean ± SE for at least four independent experiments. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001 compared to normal medium (0 hour). #P < 0.05, ##P < 0.01, ###P < 0.001 compared to Dox(−). Dox(+), Doxycycline induced-miR-29b overexpression.