Knockdown of miR-29b enhances advanced glycation end (AGE)-induced TGF-β/Smad3-mediated fibrosis in mesangial cells. (a) Real-time PCR detects miR-29b expression in mesangial cells with/without miR-29b knockdown. (b–d) Real-time PCR detects that knockdown of miR-29b enhances AGE (50 µg/ml) induced collagen I, collagen IV, and fibronectin mRNA expression by mesangial cells. (e) Western blot analysis reveals that knockdown of miR-29b enhances AGE (50 µg/ml) induced collagen I, collagen IV, and fibronectin protein expression, and phosphorylation of Smad3. (f) knockdown of miR-29b enhances AGE (50 µg/ml) induced TGF-β expression in mesangial cells. Data represent the mean ± SE for at least four independent experiments. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001 compared to normal medium control (0 hour). #P < 0.05, ##P < 0.01, ###P < 0.001 compared to VC. VC, Vector control, KD, miR-29 knockdown.