miR-29b treatment inhibits T-bet–dependent Th1-mediated immune response in the diabetic kidney of db/db mice. (a)Western blot analysis of T-bet expression. (b,c) Real-time PCR analysis of T-bet and IFN-γ mRNA expression. (d) ELISA analysis of plasma IFN-γ levels. (e) CD4+IFN-γ+ T cells by two-color immunofluorescence. CD4 (green), IFN-γ (red), nuclei were counterstained with DAPI (blue). Results reveal that miR-29 treatment blocks Th1-mediated immune response as evidenced by inhibition of T-bet and IFN-γ expression and CD4+IFN-γ+ T helper cell infiltration. Data represent the mean ± SE for at groups of 8 mice. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01 compared to week 20 db/m mice. #P < 0.05, ##P < 0.01 compared to week 20 db/db mice. ††P < 0.01 compared to week 10 db/m. m+, db/m; db, db/db, VC, db/db mice received empty vector control treatment; miR-29, db/db mice received miR-29b treatment. Original magnification ×800.