Figure 2.

Synthetic asymmetric monocarbonyl CUR analogs inhibited LPS-induced TNF-α and IL-6 secretion in RAW264.7 macrophages.

Notes: Macrophages were plated at a density of 1.2 × 10⁶/plate overnight in 37°C and 5% CO₂. Cells were pretreated with analogs (10 μM) for 30 minutes, and they were then treated with LPS (0.5 μg/mL) for 24 hours. CUR was used as a positive control. (A) IL-6 and (B) TNF-α levels in the culture medium were measured by ELISA and were normalized by the total protein. The results were presented as the percent of LPS control. Each bar represents the mean ± SEM of three independent experiments. Statistical significance relative to the LPS group was indicated, *P<0.05; **P<0.01; ***P<0.001.

Abbreviations: LPS, lipopolysaccharide; IL-6, interleukin-6; DMSO, dimethyl sulfoxide; CUR, curcumin; TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor-α; ELISA, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay; SEM, standard error of the mean.