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Pollen tubes were treated with 0 (A), 10 (B), 20 (C), or 40 (D) µM Cd(NO3)2 for 20 h, respectively. Images show that cadmium not only inhibited pollen germination and tube growth, but also induced morphological alterations, including cytoplasmic vacuolization, swollen tips and irregular tube diameters. Bars = 50 µm.
