TABLE 1.
Bivariable Analyses of Risk Factors for Colonization with ESBL-Producing E. coli or Klebsiella Species in Hospitalized Patients
| Variable | Cases (n = 10) | Controls (n = 379) | OR (95% CI) | P value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, mean years (SD) | 61.0 (10.4) | 57.5 (15.4) | … | .45 |
| Female sex | 8 (80.0) | 163 (43.0) | 5.30 (1.03–51.7) | .03 |
| Nonwhite race | 3 (30.0) | 154 (40.6) | 0.63 (0.10–2.80) | .75 |
| Duration of hospitalization prior to culture date, mean days (SD) | 28.9 (38.9) | 7.8 (10.5) | … | .001 |
| Admitted as a transfer | 1 (10.0) | 75 (19.8) | 0.45 (0.01–3.43) | .69 |
| Admitted through the ED | 7 (70.0) | 184 (48.6) | 2.47 (0.55–15.0) | .21 |
| Prior hospitalization in UPHS ≤30 days before culture date | 4 (40.0) | 51 (13.5) | 4.29 (0.85–18.7) | .05 |
| Year of sampling | ||||
| 2007 | 5 (50.0) | 151 (39.8) | ||
| 2008 | 3 (30.0) | 113 (29.8) | … | .86 |
| 2009 | 2 (20.0) | 115 (30.4) | ||
| Congestive heart failure | 3 (30.0) | 82 (21.6) | 1.55 (0.25–6.98) | .46 |
| Diabetes mellitus | 1 (10.0) | 125 (33.0) | 0.23 (0.01–1.67) | .18 |
| HIV | 0 (0.0) | 8 (2.1) | … | >.99 |
| Malignancy | 4 (40.0) | 129 (34.0) | 1.29 (0.26–5.56) | .74 |
| Cirrhosis | 3 (30.0) | 13 (3.4) | 12.1 (1.78–59.9) | .006 |
| Transplant | 1 (10.0) | 55 (14.5) | 0.65 (0.01–4.89) | >.99 |
| Renal insufficiencya | 4 (40.0) | 75 (19.8) | 2.70 (0.55–11.7) | .12 |
| Neutropenia | 1 (10.0) | 42 (11.1) | 0.89 (0.02–6.72) | >.99 |
| Mean Charlson score (SD) | 3.7 (3.1) | 3.5 (3.5) | … | .64 |
| Receipt of any immunosuppression ≤30 days prior to culture date | 4 (40.0) | 129 (34.0) | 1.29 (0.26–5.56) | .74 |
| Receipt of corticosteroids ≤30 days prior to culture date | 4 (40.0) | 124 (32.7) | 1.37 (0.28–5.90) | .74 |
| ICU location on culture date | 3 (30.0) | 48 (12.7) | 2.96 (0.48–13.4) | .13 |
| Receipt of antimicrobial therapy ≤30 days prior to culture dateb | ||||
| Amikacin | 1 (10.0) | 7 (1.9) | 5.90 (0.12–54.5) | .19 |
| Clindamycin | 2 (20.0) | 11 (2.9) | 8.36 (0.77–48.9) | .04 |
| Gentamicin | 2 (20.0) | 22 (5.8) | 4.06 (0.39–22.0) | .12 |
| Meropenem | 3 (30.0) | 16 (4.2) | 9.72 (1.47–47.2) | .01 |
| Aminoglycoside | 3 (30.0) | 33 (8.7) | 4.49 (0.71–20.7) | .06 |
NOTE. Data are presented as no. (%), unless otherwise indicated. CI, confidence interval; ED, emergency department; ESBL, extended-spectrum β-lactamase; HIV, human immunodeficiency virus; ICU, intensive care unit; OR, odds ratio; SD, standard deviation; UPHS, University of Pennsylvania Health System.
a
Creatinine ≥ 2.0 mg/dL or requirement for dialysis.
b
Only antimicrobial agents with P < .20 are shown.