Table 1.
Ongoing clinical trials, according to National Cancer Institute registration, using immunotherapy, according to strategy
| Principle | Phase | Specificity | Registration number |
| (A) Peptide vaccine | Targeted peptide(s): | ||
| I | Ras mutated | NCT01322815 | |
| MUC-1 | NCT01556789 | ||
| HER2/neu | NCT01730118 | ||
| I/II | Survivin | NCT00108875 | |
| Frame shift peptides (MSI) | NCT01461148 | ||
| Nor-MDP | NCT01376505 | ||
| II | MUC-1 | NCT01462513 | |
| (B) Whole cell cancer vaccine | Characteristic of cancer cells: | ||
| I/II | Allogenic cancer cell | NCT00722228 | |
| NCT00656123 | |||
| (C) DC-based therapy | Characteristic of DCs: | ||
| I/II | Autologous DCs intratumoral injection | NCT01882946 | |
| Loaded with Frame shift antigens (MSI) | NCT01885702 | ||
| CEA-pulsed DCs+ IL-2 | NCT00154713 | ||
| II | Autologous DCs | NCT01348256 | |
| NCT01413295 | |||
| (D) Inhibition of immunoregulation | Immunomodulation strategy: | ||
| I/II | Treg depletion | NCT00986518 | |
| Anti-CTLA4 + local radiation therapy | NCT01769222 | ||
| (E) Non specific immunostimulation | Immunostimulatory agent | ||
| I/II | Recombinant vaccinia virus | NCT01394939 | |
| IFN, Celecoxib + combination of chemokines | NCT01545141 | ||
| II | IL-7 | NCT01339000 | |
| Heat killed whole cell mycobacterium | NCT01539824 | ||
| III | PGG beta-glucan: binding to neutrophils | NCT01309126 | |
| (F) Cell therapy | Characteristic of cells | ||
| II | Allogenic activated lymphocytes | NCT00149006 | |
| NCT00855452 | |||
| Autologous TILS + lymphocyte depletion | NCT01174121 | ||
| Engineered autologous anti-ESO-1 lymphocytes | NCT00670748 | ||
| Engineered autologous anti-CEA lymphocytes | NCT01723306 | ||
| NS | Autologous natural killer T cells | NCT01801852 |
Several strategies are used in clinical trials of immunotherapy: (A) Vaccination with direct injection of one or more peptides; (B) Immunization using whole irradiated tumor cells; (C) Vaccination using autologous dendritic cells (DCs) and/or charged DCs with one or more antigens; (D) Inhibition of immunoregulatory mechanisms; (E) Nonspecific stimulation of the immune system; (F) Adoptive cell therapy using tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL) or lymphocytes from peripheral blood, possibly reworked to target specific antigens. Source: http://clinicaltrials.gov/. IL: Interleukin; IFN: Interferon.