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Rapid effects of oestradiol on GnRH neurons. (A) In the presence of blockers of ionotropic GABA and glutamate receptors (APV+CNQX+BIC) GnRH neurons are excited to fire action potentials at a higher rate by 1 nM oestradiol, but 10 pM oestradiol has no effect. (B) Without blockers , 1 nM oestradiol still increases firing rate but now inhibition is observed with 10 pM oestradiol GnRH neurons, presumably mediated by the upstream fast synaptic transmission network.
