Table 2.
Relative risks of hip fracture by frequency of milk consumption during teenage years among men age 50 and older in the Health Professionals Follow-up Study, 1988–2010, and among postmenopausal women in the Nurses’ Health Study, 1986–2010.
| Teenage Milk Consumption (glasses) a | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| < 2/week | 2–6/week | 1/day | 2–3/day | ≥ 4/day | per 1/day b | |
| Men | ||||||
| hip fracture cases | 39 | 68 | 87 | 224 | 72 | 490 |
| person-years | 53,364 | 80,094 | 92,630 | 263,168 | 86,914 | 576,171 |
| RR (95% CI): | ||||||
| • basic model c | 0.82 (0.55–1.20) | 0.99 (0.71–1.37) | 1.00 | 1.04 (0.81–1.35) | 1.19 (0.86–1.64) | 1.06 (0.99–1.14) |
| • add adult milk intake d | 0.75 (0.51–1.12) | 0.97 (0.70–1.34) | 1.00 | 1.06 (0.82–1.38) | 1.21 (0.87–1.69) | 1.08 (1.01–1.16) |
| • multivariable model e | 0.75 (0.50–1.12) | 0.97 (0.69–1.35) | 1.00 | 1.07 (0.84–1.39) | 1.21 (0.86–1.69) | 1.09 (1.01–1.17) |
| Women | ||||||
| hip fracture cases | 225 | 197 | 250 | 474 | 80 | 1,226 |
| person-years | 176,056 | 190,898 | 197,054 | 414,803 | 66,013 | 1,044,824 |
| RR (95% CI): | ||||||
| • basic model c | 1.03 (0.86–1.24) | 0.86 (0.72–1.04) | 1.00 | 0.96 (0.82–1.12) | 1.01 (0.78–1.30) | 1.00 (0.96–1.05) |
| • add adult milk intake d | 1.00 (0.83–1.20) | 0.87 (0.72–1.05) | 1.00 | 0.97 (0.83–1.13) | 1.02 (0.79–1.32) | 1.01 (0.97–1.06) |
| • multivariable model e | 1.03 (0.85–1.24) | 0.89 (0.73–1.07) | 1.00 | 0.95 (0.81–1.12) | 1.01 (0.78–1.31) | 1.00 (0.95–1.05) |
RR=relative risk; CI=confidence interval
Milk includes skim, low fat, and whole fat varieties (1 glass = 8 fl oz or 240 mL)
increase in risk for each additional glass of milk a day during teenage years
adjusted for age and questionnaire cycle.
adjusted for age, questionnaire cycle and adult milk consumption
adjusted for age, questionnaire cycle, adult milk consumption, plus the following adult measures: intakes of calcium from supplements, vitamin D from supplements, retinol from supplements, total protein, alcohol, and caffeine intakes, total energy intake, physical activity, BMI, smoking, use of thiazide diuretics, use of furosemide diuretics and oral steroids (men only), use of hormone replacement therapy (women only), and incident diagnoses of osteoporosis and cancer; plus the following teenage measures: consumption of cheese, fruits and vegetables, and meat and fish, physical activity, vitamin use, and BMI at age 21(men) or age 18 (women)