. 2013 Jun 8;3(3):mmrr.003.03.a02. doi: 10.5600/mmrr.003.03.a02

Exhibit 2. Probability of Smoking Before, During, and After Pregnancy Among Women with Medicaid Insurance Coverage.

Dependent Variable:	Smoking Before Pregnancy¹	Smoking During Pregnancy²	Smoking During Pregnancy²	Smoking After Delivery³	Smoking After Delivery³
Group:	Group 1: Enrolled in Medicaid Before Pregnancy (n=61,977)	Group 2: Entered Medicaid During Pregnancy (n=122,363)	Group 3: Enrolled in Medicaid Either Before or During Pregnancy⁴ (n=178,937)	Group 2: Entered Medicaid During Pregnancy (n=122,363)	Group 3: Enrolled in Medicaid Either Before or During Pregnancy⁴ (n=178,937)
Living in a state with Medicaid cessation coverage of: NRT, medication, and counseling	-0.025^* (0.014)	-0.004 (0.009)	-0.007 (0.010)	0.008 (0.009)	0.005 (0.008)
Living in a state with Medicaid cessation coverage of: NRT and medication, but no counseling	-0.016^** (0.008)	0.006 (0.007)	0.006 (0.005)	0.003 (0.014)	0.002 (0.008)
Living in a state with ‘some’ Medicaid cessation coverage⁵	-0.030^** (0.010)	0.017 (0.016)	0.011 (0.010)	0.016^* (0.009)	0.014 (0.010)
Real cigarette price in state in $⁶	-0.014 (0.010)	-0.007 (0.007)	-0.011^** (0.005)	-0.010^* (0.006)	-0.011^** (0.006)
Living in a state with smoking ban in all restaurants	-0.005 (0.009)	-0.008 (0.006)	-0.013^* (0.008)	-0.022^** (0.009)	-0.018^** (0.007)
State real income per capita in $⁷	-0.005 (0.003)	0.002 (0.002)	0.001 (0.002)	0.005^** (0.002)	0.003^* (0.001)
Maternal age (yrs)
< 20	Reference
20 to 24	0.077^** (0.009)	0.050^** (0.006)	0.052^** (0.006)	0.040^** (0.006)	0.053^** (0.007)
25 to 29	0.088^** (0.009)	0.065^** (0.009)	0.070^** (0.010)	0.033^** (0.009)	0.049^** (0.010)
30 to 34	0.083^** (0.013)	0.073^** (0.009)	0.083^** (0.008)	0.031^** (0.011)	0.049^** (0.010)
35 to 39	0.081^** (0.014)	0.097^** (0.014)	0.099^** (0.013)	0.041^** (0.014)	0.048^** (0.012)
≥40	0.091^** (0.038)	0.107^** (0.017)	0.114^** (0.020)	0.030 (0.018)	0.056^** (0.023)
Maternal race/ethnicity
Non-Hispanic black	-0.292^** (0.013)	-0.234^** (0.014)	-0.228^** (0.013)	-0.276^** (0.017)	-0.269^** (0.016)
Hispanic	-0.304^** (0.021)	-0.324^** (0.022)	-0.312^** (0.024)	-0.354^** (0.020)	-0.345^** (0.022)
Non-Hispanic other race	-0.193^** (0.023)	-0.105^** (0.013)	-0.121^** (0.015)	-0.119^** (0.016)	-0.135^** (0.018)
Non-Hispanic white	Reference
Maternal education
High school education	-0.059^** (0.007)	-0.074^** (0.008)	-0.074^** (0.006)	-0.063^** (0.008)	-0.065^** (0.006)
College education	-0.148^** (0.010)	-0.159^** (0.013)	-0.157^** (0.011)	-0.149^** (0.011)	-0.155^** (0.010)
Education unknown	-0.053 (0.039)	-0.070^** (0.014)	-0.058^** (0.022)	-0.063^** (0.017)	-0.053^** (0.015)
Less than high school	Reference
Maternal marital status
Married	-0.118^** (0.016)	-0.075^** (0.008)	-0.079^** (0.008)	-0.096^** (0.009)	-0.099^** (0.010)
Married unknown	0.013 (0.028)	0.004 (0.030)	0.007 (0.026)	0.051^** (0.025)	0.044^* (0.023)
Unmarried	Reference
Maternal physical abuse 12 months before or during pregnancy
Suffered abuse	0.044^** (0.008)	0.042^** (0.005)	0.037^** (0.004)	0.040^** (0.004)	0.041^** (0.005)
No abuse	Reference
Maternal life stressors experienced 12 months before delivery
Experienced 1 or 2 stressors	0.091^** (0.008)	0.055^** (0.006)	0.060^** (0.007)	0.066^** (0.006)	0.073^** (0.005)
Experienced 3 to 5 stressors	0.170^** (0.007)	0.111^** (0.007)	0.118^** (0.007)	0.140^** (0.007)	0.146^** (0.006)
Experienced 6 to 13 stressors	0.265^** (0.011)	0.166^** (0.008)	0.181^** (0.009)	0.211^** (0.009)	0.223^** (0.008)
Stressors missing	0.103^** (0.051)	0.008 (0.047)	0.031 (0.025)	-0.013 (0.039)	0.014 (0.015)
No stressors	Reference
Alcohol use during pregnancy
Alcohol user	0.145^** (0.018)	0.072^** (0.010)	0.093^** (0.010)	0.057^** (0.009)	0.079^** (0.008)
Alcohol user missing	-0.024 (0.025)	-0.015 (0.015)	-0.023^* (0.012)	-0.032^* (0.017)	-0.029^* (0.017)
Non user	Reference
Previous pregnancy outcome
Prior normal birth	0.040^** (0.009)	0.034^** (0.004)	0.047^** (0.005)	0.019^** (0.004)	0.033^** (0.003)
Prior problem birth	0.060^** (0.012)	0.048^** (0.009)	0.065^** (0.008)	0.036^** (0.007)	0.051^** (0.005)
Prior birth unknown	0.020^* (0.011)	-0.006 (0.009)	0.017^** (0.007)	-0.022^** (0.008)	-0.003 (0.006)
No prior birth	Reference

NOTES: NRT = Nicotine Replacement Therapy, Weighted probit models with marginal effects shown, and standard errors clustered by state in parentheses. Models also include current period time indicators and state fixed effects. Samples are restricted to women on Medicaid before pregnancy (Group 1) for column 1, and during pregnancy for columns 2 and 3 (Groups 2 and 3),

indicates P<.10

^**

indicates P<.05

Smoking before pregnancy defined as ‘Yes’ to “Have you smoked at least 100 cigarettes in the past two years?” and reported a positive value for “In the 3 months before you got pregnant, how many cigarettes or packs of cigarettes did you smoke on an average day?”

Smoking during pregnancy defined from positive value for “In the last 3 months of your pregnancy, how many cigarettes or packs of cigarettes did you smoke on an average day?”

Smoking after delivery defined from positive value for “How many cigarettes or packs of cigarettes do you smoke on an average day now?” [Survey response averages 4–6 months after delivery.

⁴

Group 3 does not equal the sum of Groups 1 and 2, because some women enrolled in Medicaid before pregnancy do not remain in Medicaid during their pregnancy or delivery period or because data on smoking is missing during the prenatal or delivery period.

⁵

State has some form of coverage, including states with some form of coverage of NRT, medications, and counseling, but not already represented in categories 1 or 2.

⁶

Prices are adjusted for inflation to a base year of 2008.

⁷

Income per capita is available from the Bureau of Economic Analysis adjusted for inflation to a base year of 1982–1984.