Table 1.

Ligands of surface nucleolin

Ligands	Sources	Reported function	References
Carcinogenic
Midkine	Endogenous	Mitogenic, transformation	Kadomatsu and Muramatsu (2004)
Pleiotrophin	Endogenous	Mitogenic, transformation	Kadomatsu and Muramatsu (2004)
Hepatocyte growth factor	Endogenous	Cancer development	Tate et al. (2006)
K-Ras4B	Endogenous	Cancer development	Birchenall-Roberts et al. (2006)
P-selectin	Endogenous	Signal transduction	Reyes-Reyes and Akiyama (2008)
ErbB receptors	Endogenous	Malignant transformation	Di Segni et al. (2008)
Tipα	H. pylori	Tumor promotion and progression	Watanabe et al. (2010b)
Anti-carcinogenic
HB-19	Synthesized	Anti-HIV infection, anti-carcinogenic activity	Nisole et al. (2002)
Lactoferrin	Cow’s milk	Anti-carcinogenic activity	Legrand et al. (2004)
AS1411/GROs	Synthesized	Anti-carcinogenic activity	Ireson and Kelland (2006)
Endostatin	Endogenous	Anti-angiogenic, anti-carcinogenic activities	Shi et al. (2007)
N6L	Synthesized	Anti-carcinogenic activity	Destouches et al. (2011)
Disease-related
Lipoproteins	Endogenous	Lipid homeostasis	Semenkovich et al. (1990)
Laminin	Endogenous	Neurite outgrowth	Kleinman et al. (1991)
Fructosyllysine	Endogenous	Cell attachment	Krantz et al. (1995)
Group B coxsackievirus	CVB	Viral infection	de Verdugo et al. (1995)
Factor J	Endogenous	Complement inhibitor	Larrucea et al. (1998)
HIV	HIV	Viral infection	Nisole et al. (1999)
Elongation factor Tu	Francisella tularensis	Bacterial infection	Barel et al. (2008)
Intimin-γ	Escherichia coli O157:H7	Bacterial adherence	Sinclair and O’Brien (2002)
RSV	RSV	Viral infection	Tayyari et al. (2011)
Aβ42	Endogenous	Alzheimer’s disease	Ozawa et al. (2013)