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In hepatocytes, insulin regulates HGP by activating the IRS–PI(3)K pathway, which inhibits the transcription factor FOXO1. FOXO1 activation increases gluconeogenesis, leading to increased hepatic glucose production (HGP). PIP2, phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate; PIP3, phosphatidylinositol-3,4,5-triphosphate.
