Table 2.

Results of the Unconstrained Multiple-Group Structural Equation Model for Men

	Czech Republic (n = 2,499)				Russia (n = 3,789)				Poland (n = 5,036)				Lithuania (n = 3,054)
	Est	SE	p Value	Std	Est	SE	p Value	Std	Est	SE	p Value	Std	Est	SE	p Value	Std
Direct effects on cognition
Mother’s education	0.49	0.11	<.001	0.12	0.12	0.08	.112	0.03	0.26	0.08	.001	0.06	0.14	0.08	.063	0.04
Childhood amenities	−0.02	0.05	.697	−0.01	0.05	0.04	.236	0.03	0.08	0.03	.016	0.05	−0.07	0.05	.120	−0.04
Education	0.94	0.07	<.001	0.42	0.82	0.07	<.001	0.29	0.94	0.06	<.001	0.36	1.13	0.06	<.001	0.50
Household assets	0.09	0.03	.003	0.08	0.30	0.03	<.001	0.21	0.24	0.03	<.001	0.17	0.11	0.03	<.001	0.09
Direct effects on household assets
Mother’s education	0.23	0.07	.001	0.07	0.13	0.05	.006	0.06	0.17	0.05	.001	0.06	0.07	0.05	.170	0.03
Childhood amenities	0.10	0.03	.001	0.07	0.03	0.02	.281	0.02	0.09	0.02	<.001	0.08	0.10	0.03	.002	0.06
Education	0.46	0.05	<.001	0.26	0.51	0.04	<.001	0.27	0.65	0.04	<.001	0.34	0.50	0.04	<.001	0.28
Direct effects on education
Mother’s education	0.41	0.05	<.001	0.22	0.41	0.03	<.001	0.33	0.52	0.03	<.001	0.34	0.54	0.03	<.001	0.37
Childhood amenities	0.11	0.02	<.001	0.15	0.03	0.02	.086	0.04	0.12	0.01	<.001	0.20	0.05	0.02	.015	0.06
Indirect effects on cognition
Mother’s education → education	0.41	0.05	<.001	0.10	0.38	0.04	<.001	0.11	0.50	0.04	<.001	0.12	0.61	0.05	<.001	0.18
Mother’s education → assets	0.02	0.01	.034	0.01	0.05	0.01	<.001	0.01	0.03	0.01	.016	0.01	0.01	0.01	.159	0.00
Mother’s education → education → assets	0.02	0.01	.005	0.01	0.07	0.01	<.001	0.02	0.09	0.01	<.001	0.02	0.03	0.01	<.001	0.01
Total indirect	0.45	0.06	<.001	0.11	0.50	0.04	<.001	0.14	0.62	0.04	<.001	0.15	0.65	0.05	<.001	0.20
Amenities → education	0.11	0.02	<.001	0.06	0.03	0.01	.007	0.02	0.12	0.01	<.001	0.07	0.06	0.02	.011	0.03
Amenities → assets	0.01	0.00	.025	0.01	0.01	0.01	.068	0.01	0.02	0.01	<.001	0.02	0.01	0.00	.013	0.01
Amenities → education → assets	0.01	0.00	.009	0.00	0.01	0.00	.009	0.00	0.02	0.00	<.001	0.01	0.00	0.00	.028	0.00
Total indirect	0.12	0.02	<.001	0.07	0.05	0.01	.001	0.03	0.16	0.01	<.001	0.10	0.08	0.03	.003	0.04
Education → assets	0.04	0.02	.003	0.02	0.15	0.02	<.001	0.06	0.17	0.02	<.001	0.06	0.06	0.01	<.001	0.03
Total effects on cognition
Mother’s education	0.94	0.11	<.001	0.23	0.56	0.07	<.001	0.16	0.93	0.08	<.001	0.22	0.78	0.07	<.001	0.24
Childhood amenities	0.10	0.05	.036	0.06	0.09	0.04	.018	0.05	0.24	0.03	<.001	0.15	0.00	0.05	.980	0.00
Education	0.98	0.07	<.001	0.44	1.00	0.06	<.001	0.36	1.11	0.06	<.001	0.41	1.21	0.06	<.001	0.53

Note. Fit indices: χ ² (94) = 621.824; comparative fit index = 0.979; Tucker–Lewis index = 0.955; root mean square error of approximation = 0.038 (0.035–0.041). Paths from mother’s education and childhood amenities to education are probit coefficients. Est = unstandardized path coefficient; Std = standardized path coefficient.