Table 3.

Results of the Unconstrained Multiple-Group Structural Equation Model for Women

	Czech Republic (n = 2,991)				Russia (n = 4,488)				Poland (n = 5,281)				Lithuania (n = 3,708)
	Est	SE	p Value	Std	Est	SE	p Value	Std	Est	SE	p Value	Std	Est	SE	p Value	Std
Direct effects on cognition
Mother’s education	0.42	0.10	<.001	0.11	0.20	0.07	.002	0.06	0.30	0.08	<.001	0.07	0.02	0.07	.743	0.01
Childhood amenities	−0.07	0.05	.113	−0.04	0.12	0.03	<.001	0.07	0.05	0.03	.130	0.03	−0.06	0.04	.117	−0.03
Education	1.05	0.06	<.001	0.52	0.81	0.06	<.001	0.32	1.05	0.06	<.001	0.40	1.19	0.05	<.001	0.54
Household assets	0.04	0.03	.132	0.04	0.26	0.03	<.001	0.19	0.10	0.03	<.001	0.07	0.10	0.02	<.001	0.08
Direct effects on household assets
Mother’s education	0.21	0.07	.001	0.06	0.21	0.04	<.001	0.08	0.12	0.05	.015	0.04	0.19	0.05	<.001	0.07
Childhood amenities	0.09	0.03	.004	0.06	0.08	0.02	<.001	0.07	0.10	0.02	<.001	0.09	0.14	0.03	<.001	0.09
Education	0.41	0.04	<.001	0.23	0.38	0.04	<.001	0.20	0.52	0.04	<.001	0.29	0.40	0.04	<.001	0.22
Direct effects on education
Mother’s education	0.51	0.04	<.001	0.27	0.45	0.03	<.001	0.35	0.57	0.03	<.001	0.35	0.51	0.03	<.001	0.34
Childhood amenities	0.15	0.02	<.001	0.19	0.07	0.02	<.001	0.10	0.15	0.01	<.001	0.24	0.09	0.02	<.001	0.10
Indirect effects on cognition
Mother’s education → education	0.55	0.05	<.001	0.14	0.36	0.03	<.001	0.11	0.61	0.04	<.001	0.14	0.62	0.04	<.001	0.19
Mother’s education → assets	0.01	0.01	.179	0.00	0.06	0.01	<.001	0.02	0.01	0.01	.036	0.00	0.02	0.01	.008	0.01
Mother’s education → education → assets	0.01	0.01	.118	0.00	0.05	0.01	<.001	0.01	0.03	0.01	<.001	0.01	0.02	0.01	<.001	0.01
Total indirect	0.57	0.05	<.001	0.15	0.47	0.03	<.001	0.14	0.65	0.04	<.001	0.15	0.66	0.04	<.001	0.20
Amenities → education	0.16	0.02	<.001	0.10	0.05	0.01	<.001	0.03	0.01	0.00	.001	0.01	0.11	0.02	<.001	0.05
Amenities → assets	0.00	0.00	.168	0.00	0.02	0.01	<.001	0.01	0.01	0.00	<.001	0.01	0.01	0.00	.002	0.01
Amenities → education → assets	0.00	0.00	.121	0.00	0.01	0.00	<.001	0.00	0.05	0.03	.130	0.03	0.00	0.00	.002	0.00
Total indirect	0.17	0.02	<.001	0.10	0.07	0.01	<.001	0.04	0.18	0.01	<.001	0.11	0.13	0.02	<.001	0.06
Education → assets	0.02	0.01	.115	0.01	0.10	0.01	<.001	0.04	0.06	0.01	<.001	0.02	0.04	0.01	<.001	0.02
Total effects on cognition
Mother’s education	1.00	0.09	<.001	0.26	0.65	0.06	<.001	0.19	0.95	0.08	<.001	0.22	0.70	0.07	<.001	0.21
Childhood amenities	0.12	0.04	.008	0.07	0.22	0.03	<.001	0.13	0.23	0.03	<.001	0.14	0.06	0.04	.160	0.03
Education	1.06	0.06	<.001	0.52	0.92	0.06	<.001	0.35	1.11	0.06	<.001	0.42	1.26	0.05	<.001	0.56

Note. Fit indices: χ ² (94) = 621.824; comparative fit index = 0.979; Tucker–Lewis index = 0.955; root mean square error of approximation = 0.038 (0.035–0.041). Paths from mother’s education and childhood amenities to education are probit coefficients. Est = unstandardized path coefficient; Std = standardized path coefficient.