Table 3.
Socio-economics, behaviors and chronic conditions as predictors of poor subjective health among patients with diabetes in 15 countries
| |
B |
S.E. |
Wald |
Sig. |
Exp (B) |
95% C.I. for EXP (B) |
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Lower | Upper | ||||||
|
China | |||||||
| Female |
.145 |
.046 |
9.782 |
.002 |
1.156 |
1.056 |
1.267 |
| Age |
−.003 |
.001 |
6.835 |
.009 |
.997 |
.994 |
.999 |
| Education |
−.185 |
.026 |
50.921 |
<.001 |
.831 |
.790 |
.875 |
| Income |
.000 |
.000 |
87.633 |
<.001 |
1.000 |
1.000 |
1.000 |
| Smoking |
.217 |
.047 |
21.218 |
<.001 |
1.242 |
1.133 |
1.362 |
| Drinking |
−.156 |
.043 |
12.915 |
<.001 |
.856 |
.786 |
.932 |
| Exercising |
−.563 |
.040 |
196.258 |
<.001 |
.570 |
.527 |
.616 |
| Hypertension |
.232 |
.045 |
26.124 |
<.001 |
1.261 |
1.154 |
1.378 |
| Lung Disease |
.048 |
.057 |
.712 |
.399 |
1.049 |
.939 |
1.172 |
| Heart Disease |
.527 |
.055 |
91.014 |
<.001 |
1.694 |
1.520 |
1.888 |
| Stroke |
−.054 |
.070 |
.585 |
.445 |
.948 |
.826 |
1.087 |
| Arthritis |
.431 |
.046 |
86.767 |
<.001 |
1.539 |
1.406 |
1.685 |
|
Costa Rica | |||||||
| Female |
−.074 |
.114 |
.421 |
.517 |
.929 |
.743 |
1.161 |
| Age |
−.021 |
.004 |
21.239 |
<.001 |
.980 |
.971 |
.988 |
| Education |
−.448 |
.072 |
38.379 |
<.001 |
.639 |
.554 |
.736 |
| Income |
.000 |
.000 |
6.267 |
.012 |
1.000 |
1.000 |
1.000 |
| Smoking |
−.027 |
.102 |
.070 |
.791 |
.973 |
.797 |
1.189 |
| Drinking |
.016 |
.113 |
.020 |
.888 |
1.016 |
.814 |
1.267 |
| Exercising |
−.497 |
.108 |
21.128 |
<.001 |
.608 |
.492 |
.752 |
| Hypertension |
.272 |
.088 |
9.463 |
.002 |
1.312 |
1.104 |
1.560 |
| Lung Disease |
.485 |
.117 |
17.282 |
<.001 |
1.624 |
1.292 |
2.041 |
| Heart Disease |
.501 |
.131 |
14.612 |
<.001 |
1.650 |
1.276 |
2.133 |
| Stroke |
.375 |
.191 |
3.871 |
.049 |
1.456 |
1.001 |
2.116 |
| Arthritis |
.433 |
.119 |
13.354 |
<.001 |
1.542 |
1.222 |
1.946 |
|
Puerto Rico | |||||||
| Female |
.277 |
.090 |
9.399 |
.002 |
1.319 |
1.105 |
1.575 |
| Age |
−.019 |
.005 |
13.947 |
<.001 |
.981 |
.971 |
.991 |
| Education |
−.407 |
.053 |
58.032 |
<.001 |
.666 |
.599 |
.739 |
| Income |
.000 |
.000 |
15.183 |
<.001 |
1.000 |
1.000 |
1.000 |
| Smoking |
.242 |
.091 |
7.089 |
.008 |
1.274 |
1.066 |
1.523 |
| Drinking |
−.184 |
.107 |
2.959 |
.085 |
.832 |
.674 |
1.026 |
| Exercising |
−.353 |
.083 |
18.283 |
<.001 |
.702 |
.597 |
.826 |
| Hypertension |
.664 |
.080 |
68.161 |
<.001 |
1.943 |
1.660 |
2.275 |
| Lung Disease |
.576 |
.183 |
9.964 |
.002 |
1.779 |
1.244 |
2.545 |
| Heart Disease |
.826 |
.123 |
45.129 |
<.001 |
2.285 |
1.796 |
2.908 |
| Stroke |
.590 |
.212 |
7.753 |
.005 |
1.805 |
1.191 |
2.734 |
| Arthritis |
.818 |
.083 |
97.363 |
<.001 |
2.265 |
1.926 |
2.665 |
|
United States | |||||||
| Female |
.020 |
.108 |
.033 |
.855 |
1.020 |
.825 |
1.260 |
| Age |
.033 |
.071 |
.220 |
.639 |
1.034 |
.900 |
1.187 |
| Education |
−.273 |
.124 |
4.809 |
.028 |
.761 |
.596 |
.971 |
| Income |
.000 |
.000 |
12.312 |
<.001 |
1.000 |
1.000 |
1.000 |
| Smoking |
.417 |
.110 |
14.458 |
<.001 |
1.517 |
1.224 |
1.881 |
| Drinking |
−.527 |
.106 |
24.865 |
<.001 |
.590 |
.480 |
.726 |
| Exercising |
−1.086 |
.212 |
26.201 |
<.001 |
.337 |
.223 |
.511 |
| Hypertension |
.489 |
.104 |
21.986 |
<.001 |
1.630 |
1.329 |
1.999 |
| Lung Disease |
.759 |
.118 |
41.048 |
<.001 |
2.135 |
1.693 |
2.693 |
| Heart Disease |
1.361 |
.109 |
157.177 |
<.001 |
3.902 |
3.154 |
4.827 |
| Stroke |
1.035 |
.195 |
28.045 |
<.001 |
2.816 |
1.920 |
4.131 |
| Arthritis |
.685 |
.104 |
43.091 |
<.001 |
1.984 |
1.617 |
2.435 |
|
Mexico | |||||||
| Female |
−.201 |
.107 |
3.517 |
.061 |
.818 |
.663 |
1.009 |
| Age |
.013 |
.005 |
6.592 |
.010 |
1.013 |
1.003 |
1.024 |
| Education |
−.310 |
.058 |
28.134 |
<.001 |
.734 |
.654 |
.823 |
| Income |
.000 |
.000 |
15.857 |
<.001 |
1.000 |
1.000 |
1.000 |
| Smoking |
.385 |
.101 |
14.426 |
<.001 |
1.469 |
1.205 |
1.792 |
| Drinking |
−1.192 |
.105 |
129.940 |
<.001 |
.303 |
.247 |
.373 |
| Exercising |
.587 |
.106 |
30.569 |
<.001 |
1.799 |
1.461 |
2.215 |
| Hypertension |
.349 |
.089 |
15.502 |
<.001 |
1.418 |
1.192 |
1.687 |
| Lung Disease |
.734 |
.161 |
20.753 |
<.001 |
2.083 |
1.519 |
2.857 |
| Heart Disease |
.285 |
.137 |
4.331 |
.037 |
1.329 |
1.017 |
1.738 |
| Stroke |
.443 |
.189 |
5.485 |
.019 |
1.557 |
1.075 |
2.256 |
| Arthritis |
1.018 |
.111 |
84.795 |
<.001 |
2.768 |
2.229 |
3.438 |
|
Argentina | |||||||
| Female |
.172 |
.201 |
.732 |
.392 |
1.188 |
.801 |
1.760 |
| Age |
−.024 |
.012 |
4.206 |
.040 |
.976 |
.954 |
.999 |
| Education |
−.736 |
.116 |
40.039 |
<.001 |
.479 |
.381 |
.602 |
| Income |
.000 |
.000 |
2.969 |
.085 |
1.000 |
1.000 |
1.000 |
| Smoking |
.446 |
.187 |
5.701 |
.017 |
1.562 |
1.083 |
2.251 |
| Drinking |
−.519 |
.173 |
9.005 |
.003 |
.595 |
.424 |
.835 |
| Exercising |
−.394 |
.259 |
2.302 |
.129 |
.675 |
.406 |
1.122 |
| Hypertension |
.548 |
.161 |
11.643 |
.001 |
1.729 |
1.263 |
2.369 |
| Lung Disease |
1.283 |
.289 |
19.658 |
<.001 |
3.607 |
2.046 |
6.358 |
| Heart Disease |
.956 |
.194 |
24.405 |
<.001 |
2.603 |
1.781 |
3.804 |
| Stroke |
.428 |
.383 |
1.248 |
.264 |
1.534 |
.724 |
3.248 |
| Arthritis |
.999 |
.169 |
34.967 |
<.001 |
2.716 |
1.950 |
3.782 |
|
Barbados | |||||||
| Female |
.021 |
.161 |
.016 |
.898 |
1.021 |
.744 |
1.400 |
| Age |
.032 |
.008 |
15.068 |
<.001 |
1.032 |
1.016 |
1.049 |
| Education |
−.283 |
.108 |
6.806 |
.009 |
.754 |
.610 |
.932 |
| Income |
.000 |
.000 |
4.073 |
.044 |
1.000 |
1.000 |
1.000 |
| Smoking |
.023 |
.171 |
.018 |
.894 |
1.023 |
.732 |
1.430 |
| Drinking |
−.503 |
.152 |
10.996 |
.001 |
.605 |
.449 |
.814 |
| Exercising |
−.372 |
.132 |
7.919 |
.005 |
.690 |
.532 |
.893 |
| Hypertension |
.565 |
.129 |
19.170 |
<.001 |
1.759 |
1.366 |
2.264 |
| Lung Disease |
1.248 |
.349 |
12.774 |
<.001 |
3.482 |
1.757 |
6.903 |
| Heart Disease |
.641 |
.208 |
9.530 |
.002 |
1.898 |
1.263 |
2.850 |
| Stroke |
.918 |
.313 |
8.587 |
.003 |
2.504 |
1.355 |
4.628 |
| Arthritis |
.810 |
.129 |
39.233 |
<.001 |
2.247 |
1.744 |
2.895 |
|
Brazil | |||||||
| Female |
−.101 |
.116 |
.750 |
.386 |
.904 |
.720 |
1.135 |
| Age |
−.009 |
.006 |
2.442 |
.118 |
.991 |
.979 |
1.002 |
| Education |
−.218 |
.068 |
10.133 |
.001 |
.804 |
.704 |
.920 |
| Income |
.000 |
.000 |
9.953 |
.002 |
1.000 |
1.000 |
1.000 |
| Smoking |
.392 |
.109 |
12.853 |
<.001 |
1.481 |
1.195 |
1.835 |
| Drinking |
−.709 |
.111 |
40.701 |
<.001 |
.492 |
.396 |
.612 |
| Exercising |
−.555 |
.117 |
22.487 |
<.001 |
.574 |
.457 |
.722 |
| Hypertension |
.560 |
.097 |
33.052 |
<.001 |
1.751 |
1.447 |
2.120 |
| Lung Disease |
.494 |
.151 |
10.666 |
.001 |
1.638 |
1.218 |
2.203 |
| Heart Disease |
.622 |
.127 |
24.113 |
<.001 |
1.862 |
1.453 |
2.386 |
| Stroke |
.514 |
.197 |
6.777 |
.009 |
1.672 |
1.135 |
2.461 |
| Arthritis |
.676 |
.106 |
40.333 |
<.001 |
1.965 |
1.595 |
2.421 |
|
Chile | |||||||
| Female |
.080 |
.148 |
.290 |
.590 |
1.083 |
.811 |
1.447 |
| Age |
−.012 |
.008 |
2.218 |
.136 |
.988 |
.972 |
1.004 |
| Education |
−.332 |
.066 |
25.001 |
<.001 |
.717 |
.630 |
.817 |
| Income |
.000 |
.000 |
.110 |
.740 |
1.000 |
1.000 |
1.000 |
| Smoking |
.100 |
.135 |
.547 |
.460 |
1.105 |
.848 |
1.441 |
| Drinking |
−.328 |
.137 |
5.737 |
.017 |
.721 |
.551 |
.942 |
| Exercising |
−.417 |
.155 |
7.280 |
.007 |
.659 |
.487 |
.892 |
| Hypertension |
.699 |
.129 |
29.203 |
<.001 |
2.012 |
1.561 |
2.592 |
| Lung Disease |
.911 |
.227 |
16.179 |
<.001 |
2.488 |
1.596 |
3.879 |
| Heart Disease |
.360 |
.139 |
6.658 |
.010 |
1.433 |
1.090 |
1.883 |
| Stroke |
.656 |
.298 |
4.838 |
.028 |
1.928 |
1.074 |
3.460 |
| Arthritis |
.627 |
.148 |
17.868 |
<.001 |
1.873 |
1.400 |
2.505 |
|
Cuba | |||||||
| Female |
.080 |
.133 |
.362 |
.548 |
1.083 |
.835 |
1.404 |
| Age |
−.006 |
.007 |
.826 |
.363 |
.994 |
.980 |
1.008 |
| Education |
−.292 |
.082 |
12.576 |
<.001 |
.747 |
.636 |
.878 |
| Income |
.000 |
.000 |
.665 |
.415 |
1.000 |
1.000 |
1.000 |
| Smoking |
.207 |
.124 |
2.785 |
.095 |
1.230 |
.964 |
1.570 |
| Drinking |
−.386 |
.139 |
7.770 |
.005 |
.680 |
.518 |
.892 |
| Exercising |
−.483 |
.129 |
13.956 |
<.001 |
.617 |
.479 |
.795 |
| Hypertension |
.550 |
.118 |
21.728 |
<.001 |
1.733 |
1.375 |
2.183 |
| Lung Disease |
.794 |
.192 |
17.158 |
<.001 |
2.211 |
1.519 |
3.219 |
| Heart Disease |
1.150 |
.158 |
53.301 |
<.001 |
3.158 |
2.319 |
4.300 |
| Stroke |
.512 |
.226 |
5.134 |
.023 |
1.669 |
1.072 |
2.598 |
| Arthritis |
1.068 |
.114 |
87.228 |
.000 |
2.909 |
2.325 |
3.639 |
|
Uruguay | |||||||
| Female |
.092 |
.164 |
.314 |
.575 |
1.096 |
.795 |
1.512 |
| Age |
−.011 |
.009 |
1.567 |
.211 |
.989 |
.971 |
1.006 |
| Education |
−.396 |
.078 |
26.041 |
<.001 |
.673 |
.578 |
.784 |
| Income |
.000 |
.000 |
.278 |
.598 |
1.000 |
1.000 |
1.000 |
| Smoking |
.166 |
.150 |
1.230 |
.267 |
1.181 |
.880 |
1.584 |
| Drinking |
−.592 |
.142 |
17.408 |
<.001 |
.553 |
.419 |
.731 |
| Exercising |
−.660 |
.206 |
10.220 |
.001 |
.517 |
.345 |
.775 |
| Hypertension |
.491 |
.131 |
13.954 |
<.001 |
1.634 |
1.263 |
2.113 |
| Lung Disease |
1.212 |
.221 |
30.110 |
<.001 |
3.362 |
2.180 |
5.183 |
| Heart Disease |
.807 |
.151 |
28.710 |
<.001 |
2.241 |
1.668 |
3.010 |
| Stroke |
1.012 |
.332 |
9.282 |
.002 |
2.752 |
1.435 |
5.278 |
| Arthritis |
.749 |
.132 |
32.109 |
<.001 |
2.114 |
1.632 |
2.739 |
|
India | |||||||
| Female |
.147 |
.093 |
2.491 |
.115 |
1.158 |
.965 |
1.390 |
| Age |
.035 |
.004 |
71.757 |
<.001 |
1.035 |
1.027 |
1.044 |
| Education |
−.271 |
.049 |
31.218 |
<.001 |
.762 |
.693 |
.839 |
| Income |
.000 |
.000 |
9.795 |
.002 |
1.000 |
1.000 |
1.000 |
| Smoking |
.349 |
.083 |
17.567 |
<.001 |
1.418 |
1.204 |
1.669 |
| Drinking |
.029 |
.112 |
.068 |
.794 |
1.030 |
.826 |
1.283 |
| Exercising |
−.695 |
.091 |
58.313 |
<.001 |
.499 |
.417 |
.596 |
| Hypertension |
.460 |
.093 |
24.401 |
<.001 |
1.585 |
1.320 |
1.902 |
| Lung Disease |
.785 |
.156 |
25.286 |
<.001 |
2.193 |
1.615 |
2.978 |
| Heart Disease |
.705 |
.083 |
71.269 |
<.001 |
2.023 |
1.718 |
2.383 |
| Stroke |
.670 |
.210 |
10.211 |
.001 |
1.954 |
1.296 |
2.946 |
| Arthritis |
.555 |
.087 |
40.684 |
<.001 |
1.742 |
1.469 |
2.065 |
|
Ghana | |||||||
| Female |
.331 |
.128 |
6.678 |
.010 |
1.392 |
1.083 |
1.789 |
| Age |
.055 |
.005 |
116.455 |
<.001 |
1.057 |
1.046 |
1.068 |
| Education |
−.182 |
.061 |
9.080 |
.003 |
.833 |
.740 |
.938 |
| Income |
.000 |
.000 |
.131 |
.717 |
1.000 |
1.000 |
1.000 |
| Smoking |
.288 |
.144 |
3.991 |
.046 |
1.333 |
1.005 |
1.768 |
| Drinking |
.177 |
.115 |
2.371 |
.124 |
1.193 |
.953 |
1.494 |
| Exercising |
−.530 |
.115 |
21.227 |
<.001 |
.588 |
.470 |
.737 |
| Hypertension |
.373 |
.144 |
6.766 |
.009 |
1.453 |
1.096 |
1.925 |
| Lung Disease |
−.097 |
.659 |
.021 |
.883 |
.908 |
.250 |
3.301 |
| Heart Disease |
.391 |
.150 |
6.814 |
.009 |
1.479 |
1.102 |
1.985 |
| Stroke |
.526 |
.270 |
3.792 |
.052 |
1.691 |
.997 |
2.871 |
| Arthritis |
−.208 |
.145 |
2.057 |
.152 |
.812 |
.611 |
1.079 |
|
South Africa | |||||||
| Female |
.045 |
.116 |
.151 |
.698 |
1.046 |
.833 |
1.314 |
| Age |
.023 |
.006 |
16.941 |
<.001 |
1.023 |
1.012 |
1.034 |
| Education |
−.054 |
.038 |
2.024 |
.155 |
.947 |
.879 |
1.021 |
| Income |
.000 |
.000 |
1.156 |
.282 |
1.000 |
1.000 |
1.000 |
| Smoking |
.068 |
.130 |
.273 |
.601 |
1.070 |
.829 |
1.381 |
| Drinking |
.299 |
.140 |
4.564 |
.033 |
1.349 |
1.025 |
1.776 |
| Exercising |
−.663 |
.192 |
11.969 |
.001 |
.515 |
.354 |
.750 |
| Hypertension |
.028 |
.118 |
.057 |
.812 |
1.029 |
.816 |
1.297 |
| Lung Disease |
1.205 |
.267 |
20.325 |
<.001 |
3.335 |
1.976 |
5.631 |
| Heart Disease |
.706 |
.162 |
18.995 |
<.001 |
2.026 |
1.475 |
2.783 |
| Stroke |
1.279 |
.236 |
29.486 |
<.001 |
3.594 |
2.265 |
5.702 |
| Arthritis |
.738 |
.120 |
37.630 |
<.001 |
2.092 |
1.653 |
2.649 |
|
Russia | |||||||
| Female |
.331 |
.159 |
4.314 |
.038 |
1.392 |
1.019 |
1.903 |
| Age |
.050 |
.006 |
60.756 |
<.001 |
1.051 |
1.038 |
1.064 |
| Education |
−.277 |
.088 |
10.041 |
.002 |
.758 |
.638 |
.900 |
| Income |
.000 |
.000 |
16.812 |
<.001 |
1.000 |
1.000 |
1.000 |
| Smoking |
.509 |
.169 |
9.072 |
.003 |
1.664 |
1.195 |
2.318 |
| Drinking |
−.306 |
.132 |
5.355 |
.021 |
.737 |
.569 |
.954 |
| Exercising |
−.670 |
.138 |
23.611 |
<.001 |
.512 |
.390 |
.670 |
| Hypertension |
.296 |
.128 |
5.345 |
.021 |
1.344 |
1.046 |
1.727 |
| Lung Disease |
.376 |
.137 |
7.508 |
.006 |
1.456 |
1.113 |
1.905 |
| Heart Disease |
1.140 |
.119 |
91.247 |
<.001 |
3.126 |
2.474 |
3.949 |
| Stroke |
.846 |
.206 |
16.849 |
<.001 |
2.330 |
1.556 |
3.490 |
| Arthritis | .690 | .114 | 36.867 | <.001 | 1.993 | 1.595 | 2.490 |