Table 3.

IBM construct beliefs associated with MC intention (N = 1,082)

	r*	[R = 0.65] β (p value)	Percent strongly agreea
			Not intend MC	Strongly intend MC
Behavioral beliefs about getting circumcised
Will help encourage friends to get circumcised	0.46	0.17 (0.000)	26	76
Will give you peace of mind	0.44	0.15 (0.000)	10	56
Is something that you are too old for now	−0.38	−0.17 (0.000)	24a	72a
Will give you sense of achievement	0.43	0.10 (0.002)	14	58
Might not heal properly, cause disfigurement	−0.35	−0.07 (0.022)	9a	45a
Will enhance sexual pleasure for you	0.29	0.10 (0.000)	12	48
Would be against your religion	−0.37	−0.09 (0.003)	37a	79a
Will result in a slowdown of HIV in Zimbabwe	0.40	0.06 (0.044)	20	69
It may get infected and swollen	−0.34	−0.06 (0.045	12a	43a
Will make it easier to have sons circumcised	0.38	0.07 (0.021)	31	76
Will cause women to shun you	−0.20	0.07 (0.014)	55a	79a
Wife/girlfriend may think you will seek pleasure elsewhere	−0.29	−0.07 (0.019)	35a	65a
Will protect you from STIs	0.37	0.06 (0.043)	17	59
Behavioral beliefs that did not enter stepwise regression model
Procedure would be painful	−0.24
Wound healing would be painful	−0.24
May take too long to heal	−0.31
Doctor may make a mistake and cause you to be disfigured	−0.33
You may bleed to death	−0.26
Have to wait too long to have sex	N.S.
Will protect you from HIV	0.32
Will still have to use condoms all the time	N.S.
Will not need to use condoms because protected from HIV	N.S.
Will be protected from HIV even if condom breaks	0.17
Will be protected from HIV even if have unprotected sex	0.11
Means you will live a long and healthy life	0.39
You will protect your family	0.36
Means you will not spread HIV to others	0.27
Penis will be clean and protect you from bacterial infections	0.34
Will enhance sexual pleasure for your partner	0.28
Friends may laugh at you and you will be embarrassed	−0.27
Would be against your culture	−0.35
Unnecessary because God will protect you from diseases	−0.29
Would lead you to be tempted to have more sex partners	−0.20
Would cause you to worry about what happens to foreskin	−0.27
Pain from previous infections could be reignited	−0.24
Inappropriate to change the way God created you	−0.31
You may lose potency	−0.26
May compromise your sexual performance	−0.25

	r*	[R = 0.61] β (p value)	% Agree encourages
			Not intend MC	Strongly intend MC
Normative beliefs about who would encourage you to get circumcised
Your brothers	0.58	0.24 (0.000)	17	72
Your closest friends	0.52	0.16 (0.000)	14	68
Your culture	0.50	0.16 (0.000)	16	70
People in your community	0.47	0.11 (0.001)	7	51
Your wife	0.59	0.07b (0.033)	4	72
Your girlfriend	0.43		12	59
Normative beliefs that did not enter stepwise regression model
Your family	0.52
Your father	0.41
Your mother	0.43
Your sisters	0.52
Your uncles	0.52
Your aunts	0.52
Your nephews	0.50
Your grandparents	0.40
Your religion/church	0.47
Health care workers in your community	0.38
Traditional leaders	0.43
Political leaders	0.39
The media	0.37
The ministry of health	0.33

	r*	[R = 0.60] β (p value)	% Agree would get MC
			Not intend MC	Strongly intend MC
Descriptive norm beliefs about who would get circumcised
Your closest friends	0.57	0.23 (0.000)	14	68
Your brothers	0.56	0.17 (0.002)	14	68
Most people like you	0.52	0.11 (0.011)	17	67
Your other male relatives	0.55	0.12 (0.023)	11	61

	r*	[R = 0.66] β (p value)	% Easy to get MC
			Not intend MC	Strongly intend MC
Control beliefs—facilitators/barriers to getting circumcised
Availability of equipment and materials	0.55	0.23 (0.000)	30	82
People describe circumcision as painful	0.42	0.09 (0.004)	5	36
If you don’t know how circumcision prevents HIV	0.33	0.10 (0.000)	0	24
If local chiefs/village heads support circumcision	0.52	0.13 (0.001)	23	73
Circumcision is new, not offered before in community	0.41	0.10 (0.003)	2	32
If circumcision is not free to you	0.31	0.09 (0.002)	3	21
If circumcision available in local (including rural) clinics	0.44	0.07 (0.020)	22	70
If circumcision promoted on TV and radio	0.51	0.09 (0.032)	26	74
If you cannot do it privately, so others know	0.36	0.06 (0.021)	9	38
If you did not know where to go for circumcision	0.17	−0.06 (0.033)	3	13
Control beliefs that did not enter stepwise regression model
If your culture was against circumcision	0.33
If your religion does not accept circumcision	0.32
If your wife/girlfriend is against circumcision	0.33
If there were reported cases of complications	0.30
If circumcision only available at new clinics that only provide circumcision	0.33
If circumcision only available at city clinics	0.26
If there was shortage of staff trained in circumcision	0.20
If you would be attended to by female nurses	0.35
HIV being in your community	0.30
If clinic staff explain how circumcision helps prevent HIV	0.48
If clinic staff explain how circumcision is done and how pain is prevented/reduced	0.44
If circumcision is promoted in clinics and hospitals	0.49
If people are assured practitioners are accurate and do not make mistakes	0.47
If people are assured risk of side effects is very low	0.43
If you know people who are circumcised	0.45
Having a clinician in your local clinic do the circumcision	0.41
Having a specialist do the circumcision	0.45
If transportation is provided	0.52

	r*	[R = 0.63] β (p value)	% Certain could get MC
			Not intend MC	Strongly intend MC
Efficacy beliefs—if you wanted to get circumcised, how certain are you that you could if
MC is new and has not been offered before in community	0.51	0.17 (0.000)	4	46
MC is available in local – including rural - clinics	0.49	0.24 (0.000)	22	74
Your culture is against it	0.50	0.17 (0.000)	7	51
Your wife/girlfriend is against it	0.49	0.11 (0.001)	10	52
You cannot have it done privately, so others might know	0.43	0.08 (0.008)	7	46
Worried about whether there are adequate supplies in clinics	0.34	0.06 (0.037)	2	18
Efficacy beliefs that did not enter stepwise regression model
If your religion does not accept circumcision	0.49
If people describe the process as painful	0.48
If there are reported cases of complications	0.41
If you do not know exactly how circumcision prevents HIV	0.38
If it is not free to you	0.40
If circumcision is only available at new clinics that only provide circumcision	0.42
If circumcision is only available at city clinics	0.32
If there was a shortage of staff trained in circumcision	0.30
If you would be attended to by female nurses	0.44
If you did now know where to go for circumcision	0.32

* p < 0.001 for all correlations, except N.S. not significant

^aPercent ‘strongly disagree’ is listed for negative behavioral beliefs, in order to consistently list percent with a positive opinion

^bIn order to minimize loss of cases due to missing data, responses for wife and girlfriend were combined into a single variable for the regression analysis, as few respondents had both a wife and a girlfriend