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a Absolute change in performance in placebo (PL) and β-alanine (BA) with trained and non-trained participants grouped together. *p ≤ 0.001 from placebo. b Absolute change in performance for individual groups NTPL, TPL, NTBA and TBA. # p = 0.008 from NTPL. $ p = 0.037 from TPL. Effect sizes: NTPL—0.2; TPL—0.03; NTBA—0.2; TBA—0.4
