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. 2014 Mar 27;3:6. doi: 10.1186/2001-1326-3-6

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Copyright © 2014 Pandian et al.; licensee Springer.

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly credited.

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Insulin producing cells (IPCs) from various cell sources. (A) Overexpression of the defined exogenous transcription factors (Pdx1; Pdx1/VP16 (fusion protein) + NeuroD; Pdx1/VP16 (fusion protein) + Ngn3) in liver cells generate IPCs [53,54]. (B) IPCs could also be induced from pancreatic non-β cells such as acinar cells and α-cells by forced expression of Ngn3 + Pdx1 + Mafa and Pax4, respectively [58]. (C) Adipose tissue-derived stem cells could be differentiated into functional IPCs by transducing Pdx1 [59].