Table 2.
Odds ratios and 95% CI of unhealthy eating behaviors for MetS, proteinuria, and obesity.
| Normal eating behavior |
LNDE alone | Skipping breakfast alone |
Skipping breakfast concomitant with LNDE | P for trend | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| MetS | |||||
| Case N | 4,595 | 1,610 | 900 | 849 | |
| Model 1 | 1 (Ref) | 1.05 (0.99–1.11) | 0.91 (0.85–0.98)* | 0.97 (0.90–1.05) | 0.98 (0.96–1.01) |
| Model 2 | 1 (Ref) | 1.14 (1.07–1.22)†† | 1.17 (1.08–1.27)†† | 1.28 (1.18–1.39)†† | 1.09 (1.06–1.11)†† |
| Model 3 | 1 (Ref) | 1.17 (1.10–1.25)†† | 1.08 (1.00–1.17) | 1.21 (1.11–1.32)†† | 1.06 (1.04–1.09)†† |
| Model 3 | |||||
| Men | 1 (Ref) | 1.20 (1.12–1.30)†† | 1.08 (0.99–1.19) | 1.21 (1.10–1.32)†† | 1.06 (1.03–1.09)†† |
| Women | 1 (Ref) | 1.09 (0.96–1.23) | 1.04 (0.88–1.23) | 1.10 (0.91–1.34) | 1.03 (0.98–1.09) |
| Proteinuria | |||||
| Case N | 2,009 | 741 | 623 | 568 | |
| Model 1 | 1 (Ref) | 1.10 (1.01–1.20)* | 1.50 (1.37–1.65)†† | 1.53 (1.39–1.69)†† | 1.17 (1.14–1.21)†† |
| Model 2 | 1 (Ref) | 1.08 (0.99–1.18) | 1.43 (1.30–1.57)†† | 1.45 (1.31–1.60)†† | 1.15 (1.11–1.18)†† |
| Model 3 | 1 (Ref) | 1.08 (0.99–1.15) | 1.37 (1.25–1.51)†† | 1.40 (1.26–1.55)†† | 1.13 (1.10–1.17)†† |
| Model 3 | |||||
| Men | 1 (Ref) | 1.09 (0.98–1.22) | 1.40 (1.25–1.58)†† | 1.43 (1.27–1.61)†† | 1.14 (1.10–1.18)†† |
| Women | 1 (Ref) | 1.04 (0.90–1.22) | 1.38 (1.16–1.63)† | 1.41 (1.16–1.71)† | 1.13 (1.07–1.20)†† |
| Obesity | |||||
| Case N | 1,038 | 472 | 333 | 360 | |
| Model 1 | 1 (Ref) | 1.37 (1.22–1.53)†† | 1.54 (1.35–1.74)†† | 1.87 (1.66–2.12)†† | 1.23 (1.19–1.28)†† |
| Model 2 | 1 (Ref) | 1.27 (1.14–1.42)†† | 1.31 (1.16–1.49)†† | 1.57 (1.38–1.77)†† | 1.16 (1.11–1.20)†† |
| Model 3 | 1 (Ref) | 1.36 (1.22–1.53)†† | 1.28 (1.13–1.46)† | 1.62 (1.42–1.84)†† | 1.17 (1.12–1.21)†† |
| Model 3 | |||||
| Men | 1 (Ref) | 1.30 (1.14–1.49)† | 1.25 (1.08–1.46)† | 1.53 (1.32–1.77)†† | 1.14 (1.10–1.18)†† |
| Women | 1 (Ref) | 1.53 (1.25–1.88)†† | 1.32 (1.01–1.71)* | 1.89 (1.45–2.46)†† | 1.13 (1.07–1.20)†† |
*P < 0.05, † P < 0.01, †† P < 0.0001.
Model 1: Unadjusted.
Model 2: Adjusted for age and sex.
Model 3: Adjusted for age, sex, current smoking (versus nonsmoking), daily alcohol consumption (versus infrequent/no alcohol consumption), having regular exercise, and past history of cardiovascular disease.
Obesity was defined as body mass index ≥30.0 kg/m2.