TABLE 1.
Demographic Characteristics and Healthcare Exposures Associated with Carbapenem-Resistant Entero-bacteriaceae (CRE) Carriage in Bivariate Analysis
| Factor | Case subjects (n = 25) | Control subjects (n = 75) | Pc |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age, years | |||
| >70 | 11 (44) | 20 (27) | .06 |
| 50–69 | 10 (40) | 30 (40) | .26 |
| <50 | 4 (16) | 25 (33) | Reference |
| Healthcare exposures during 6 months before index hospitalization | |||
| Previous hospitalization at study site | 15 (60) | 44 (59) | .91 |
| Receipt of antibioticsa | 16 (64) | 53 (71) | .53 |
| Any surgery | 12 (48) | 19 (25) | .04 |
| Healthcare exposures during index hospitalization | |||
| Admitted from skilled nursing facility | 7 (29) | 6 (8) | <.01 |
| Admitted in transfer from another hospital | 6 (24) | 12 (16) | .37 |
| Length of admission before CRE testing, median, days | 14 | 7 | .02 |
| Length of stay >1 week before test | 19 (76) | 39 (52) | .04 |
| ICU exposure | 15 (60) | 18 (24) | <.01 |
| Central venous catheter | 18 (72) | 39 (52) | .08 |
| Urinary catheter | 15 (60) | 29 (39) | .06 |
| Mechanical ventilation | 11 (44) | 14 (19) | .01 |
| Nasogastric tube | 5 (20) | 20 (27) | .32 |
| Percutaneous feeding tube | 9 (36) | 6 (8) | <.01 |
| Proton pump inhibitor use | 20 (80) | 48 (64) | .14 |
| Antibiotic exposuresb | |||
| β-lactam/β-lactamase inhibitor | 13 (52) | 20 (27) | .02 |
| First- or second-generation cephalosporin | 2 (8) | 6 (8) | 1.00 |
| Third-generation cephalosporin | 4 (16) | 13 (17) | .89 |
| Fourth-generation cephalosporin | 7 (28) | 18 (24) | .69 |
| Carbapenem | 7 (28) | 14 (19) | .32 |
| Fluoroquinolone | 4 (16) | 19 (25) | .34 |
| Metronidazole | 9 (36) | 16 (21) | .15 |
| Intravenous vancomycin | 14 (56) | 31 (41) | .20 |
| Oral vancomycin | 5 (20) | 4 (5) | .04 |
| Antibiotic therapy before CRE test, days | |||
| 0 | 2 (8) | 21 (28) | Reference |
| 1–5 | 7 (28) | 18 (24) | .08 |
| 6–20 | 5 (20) | 19 (25) | .42 |
| ≥20 | 11 (44) | 17 (23) | .02 |
NOTE. Data are no. (%) of subjects, unless otherwise indicated. ICU, intensive care unit.
a
Includes inpatient and outpatient antibiotic use documented in the inpatient medical record.
b
Defined as administration of at least 1 antibiotic dose during the index hospitalization before CRE screening.
c
Values of P <.05 were considered statistically significant.