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. 2014 Feb 12;99(5):1071–1076. doi: 10.3945/ajcn.113.075713

TABLE 1.

Distribution of potential confounders by quintiles of energy-adjusted trans fat intake in the REGARDS study1

Variable2 Quintiles of trans fat intake P value3
1 (n = 3422) 2 (n = 3421) 3 (n = 3422) 4 (n = 3421) 5 (n = 3421)
trans Fat (% of energy) 1.60 ± 0.394 2.29 ± 0.31 2.84 ± 0.36 3.45 ± 0.42 4.68 ± 0.92 —
Age (y) 64.6 ± 9.0 64.5 ± 9.1 64.6 ± 9.4 64.3 ± 9.2 65.5 ± 9.5 <0.001
Sex (% female) 73 64 58 49 36 <0.001
Race (% white) 66 65 67 69 69 0.002
Region (%) <0.001
 Buckle 21 21 22 23 21
 Belt 30 32 34 35 40
 Other 49 47 44 42 39
Education (%) <0.001
 Less than high school 7 8 8 9 12
 High school 22 24 25 27 29
 Some college 27 27 29 28 27
 College graduate 44 41 38 36 32
Smoking status (%) 0.001
 Never smoker 48 46 46 46 43
 Past smoker 39 41 41 39 43
 Current smoker 13 13 13 15 14
Alcohol (%) <0.001
 Never drinker 26 26 28 29 32
 Past drinker 12 13 15 18 21
 Current drinker 62 61 57 53 47
Physical activity (%) <0.001
 None 27 30 33 34 35
 1–3 times/wk 37 40 37 38 35
 ≥4 times/wk 36 30 30 28 30
BMI (kg/m2) 28.4 ± 6.0 29.0 ± 6.0 29.2 ± 6.1 29.4 ± 6.2 29.0 ± 5.9 <0.001
Waist circumference (cm) 91.7 ± 14.8 93.9 ± 15.5 95.2 ± 14.7 96.7 ± 15.4 97.4 ± 14.7 <0.001
IHD (%) 14 14 15 18 19 <0.001
Hypertension (%) 54 55 56 56 56 0.53
Diabetes (%) 17 17 18 18 19 0.17
Heart failure (%) 10 10 10 12 13 <0.001
Kidney failure (%) 1 1 1 1 2 0.001
Statin users (%) 28 30 32 33 32 <0.001
Regular aspirin use (%) 42 42 42 43 45 0.06
HDL cholesterol (mg/dL) 57 ± 18 54 ± 16 53 ± 16 50 ± 15 49 ± 15 <0.001
LDL cholesterol (mg/dL) 115 ± 35 115 ± 34 114 ± 35 113 ± 34 113 ± 34 0.04
WBC (×109 cells/L) 5.50 (4.53, 6.70)5 5.57 (4.63, 6.82) 5.61 (4.61, 6.82) 5.69 (4.70, 6.79) 5.82 (4.75, 7.01) <0.001
Triglycerides (mg/dL) 104 (77, 146) 108 (80, 153) 111 (82, 157) 113 (83, 162) 115 (84, 163) <0.001
hsCRP (mg/L) 2.02 (0.88, 4.52) 2.06 (0.91, 4.86) 2.09 (0.93, 4.86) 2.14 (0.95, 4.82) 2.06 (0.91, 4.62) 0.15
SBP (mm Hg) 125.8 ± 16.0 125.8 ± 16.4 126.7 ± 16.3 126.6 ± 15.5 127.6 ± 16.2 <0.001
DBP (mm Hg) 75.7 ± 9.6 75.8 ± 9.3 76.1 ± 9.4 76.4 ± 9.4 76.6 ± 9.3 <0.001
Total energy (kcal/d) 1658 ± 624 1621 ± 654 1676 ± 686 1744 ± 742 1832 ± 785 <0.001
Protein (g/d)6 58.8 ± 14.8 59.3 ± 13.9 58.2 ± 13.2 57.5 ± 12.6 55.2 ± 12.1 <0.001
Carbohydrates (g/d)6 187 ± 47.2 187 ± 39.3 190 ± 37 191 ± 34.7 197 ± 33.3 <0.001
Total fat (g/d)6 59.1 ± 17.1 63.6 ± 14.5 65.7 ± 13.5 68.8 ± 12.9 72.0 ± 12.9 <0.001
MUFAs (g/d)6 22.8 ± 8.0 24.0 ± 6.4 24.7 ± 5.9 26.0 ± 5.5 27.6 ± 5.5 <0.001
PUFAs (g/d)6 15.1 ± 5.7 16.5 ± 5.2 17.1 ± 5.2 17.9 ± 4.9 18.6 ± 5.1 <0.001
Saturated fat (g/d)6 16.6 ± 5.4 18.3 ± 5.0 19.0 ± 4.6 19.9 ± 4.5 20.7 ± 4.3 <0.001
trans Fat (g/d)6 2.8 ± 0.6 4.0 ± 0.3 5.0 ± 0.3 6.2 ± 0.4 8.6 ± 1.6 <0.001
1

The REGARDS study recruited 30,239 participants; 8447 participants were excluded for missing food-frequency questionnaire data, 214 for missing data on mortality, 919 for history of stroke at baseline, and 3552 for missing data on covariates, which left 17,107 participants for the current analysis. DBP, diastolic blood pressure; hsCRP, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein; IHD, ischemic heart disease; REGARDS, REasons for Geographic And Racial Differences in Stroke; SBP, systolic blood pressure; WBC, white blood cell count.

2

The number of participants missing values was 5442 for WBC, 7 for SBP, and 8 for DBP.

3

Differences between values in different quintiles were tested by using chi-square tests for categorical variables and 1-factor ANOVA or Kruskal-Wallis tests for continuous variables.

4

Mean ± SD (all such values).

5

Median; 25th and 75th percentiles in parentheses (all such values).

6

Adjusted for total energy intake.