TABLE 3.
Multivariable HRs (95% CIs) for all-cause and cause-specific mortality for quintile 5 compared with quintile 1 of intake of sugars from solid foods and beverages in 147,381 women and 206,370 men in the NIH-AARP Diet and Health Study1
| Women | Men | |||||||
| Sugars from solid foods | Sugars from beverages | Sugars from solid foods | Sugars from beverages | |||||
| HRQ5 vs Q1 | P-trend | HRQ5 vs Q1 | P-trend | HRQ5 vs Q1 | P-trend | HRQ5 vs Q1 | P-trend | |
| All-cause2 | ||||||||
| Total sugars | 0.99 (0.94, 1.06) | 0.85 | 1.05 (1.00, 1.11) | 0.0008 | 1.01 (0.97, 1.06) | 0.38 | 0.99 (0.95, 1.03) | 0.38 |
| Added sugars | 0.89 (0.83, 0.93) | <0.0001 | 1.09 (1.03, 1.15) | <0.0001 | 0.88 (0.84, 0.91) | <0.0001 | 1.00 (0.96, 1.04) | 0.34 |
| Fructose | 0.96 (0.90, 1.01) | 0.10 | 1.09 (1.03, 1.15) | <0.0001 | 0.95 (0.91, 0.99) | 0.18 | 1.05 (1.01, 1.09) | 0.007 |
| Sucrose | 0.91 (0.86, 0.96) | <0.0001 | 1.07 (1.02, 1.13) | 0.0007 | 0.92 (0.88, 0.95) | 0.0004 | 1.02 (0.98, 1.06) | 0.12 |
| Cancer3 | ||||||||
| Total sugars | 0.94 (0.85, 1.03) | 0.37 | 1.04 (0.96, 1.13) | 0.11 | 0.92 (0.86,0.99) | 0.03 | 1.00 (0.94, 1.07) | 0.17 |
| Added sugars | 0.91 (0.84, 0.99) | 0.03 | 1.02 (0.94, 1.10) | 0.15 | 0.92 (0.87, 0.98) | 0.15 | 1.01 (0.95, 1.07) | 0.43 |
| Fructose | 0.97 (0.89, 1.07) | 0.53 | 0.99 (0.92, 1.08) | 0.48 | 0.94 (0.88, 1.01) | 0.22 | 0.99 (0.93, 1.06) | 0.90 |
| Sucrose | 0.94 (0.86, 1.02) | 0.06 | 1.03 (0.95, 1.11) | 0.11 | 0.92 (0.86, 0.98) | 0.05 | 1.02 (0.97, 1.09) | 0.07 |
| CVD4 | ||||||||
| Total sugars | 0.96 (0.85, 1.08) | 0.46 | 1.07 (0.96, 1.20) | 0.03 | 1.01 (0.93, 1.10) | 0.89 | 1.00 (0.93, 1.08) | 0.48 |
| Added sugars | 0.81 (0.73, 0.91) | <0.0001 | 1.13 (1.01, 1.26) | 0.02 | 0.78 (0.72, 0.85) | <0.0001 | 1.01 (0.94, 1.09) | 0.30 |
| Fructose | 0.87 (0.77, 0.99) | 0.005 | 1.14 (1.02, 1.28) | 0.002 | 0.88 (0.81, 0.95) | 0.002 | 1.13 (1.05, 1.22) | 0.001 |
| Sucrose | 0.80 (0.71, 0.89) | <0.0001 | 1.08 (0.97, 1.21) | 0.09 | 0.82 (0.76, 0.89) | <0.0001 | 1.05 (0.97, 1.13) | 0.38 |
| Other causes1 | ||||||||
| Total sugars | 0.92 (0.84, 1.01) | 0.08 | 1.08 (0.98, 1.19) | 0.008 | 0.94 (0.87, 1.02) | 0.41 | 0.96 (0.89, 1.03) | 0.39 |
| Added sugars | 0.80 (0.73, 0.88) | <0.0001 | 1.14 (1.03, 1.25) | 0.002 | 0.86 (0.80, 0.92) | 0.009 | 0.95 (0.89, 1.03) | 0.31 |
| Fructose | 0.84 (0.76, 0.93) | 0.0009 | 1.17 (1.06, 1.29) | 0.0007 | 0.91 (0.84, 0.98) | 0.07 | 0.99 (0.92, 1.06) | 0.89 |
| Sucrose | 0.84 (0.76, 0.92) | 0.0001 | 1.12 (1.02, 1.24) | 0.03 | 0.92 (0.86, 0.99) | 0.08 | 0.96 (0.90, 1.03) | 0.23 |
Cox proportional hazards regression model adjusted for age, BMI (in kg/m2; <18.5, ≥18.5 to <25, ≥25 to <30, ≥30 to <35, ≥35, or missing), marital status (married/living as married or widowed/divorced/separated/never married/unknown), smoking (never smoker, quit ≥10 y ago, quit 5–9 y ago, quit 1–4 y ago, quit <1 y ago ≤20 cigarettes/d, quit <1 y ago >20 cigarettes/d, current ≤20 cigarettes/d, current 20–40 cigarettes/d, current >40 cigarettes/d, or missing), race (white, black, Hispanic/Asian/Pacific Islander/American Indian/Alaskan native, or unknown/missing), education (less than high school, high school graduate, some college, college graduate, or unknown/missing), physical activity (never/rarely, 1–3 times/mo, 1–2 times/wk, 3–4 times/wk, ≥5 times/wk, or unknown/missing), and intake of energy (continuous), vegetables (quintiles), and alcohol (quintiles). Median intakes for quintiles 1 and 5 for women: from solid foods (26.1 and 71.3 g/1000 kcal total sugars, 6.7 and 26.0 g/1000 kcal added sugars, 8.7 and 25.5 g/1000 kcal total fructose, and 8.7 and 26.0 g/1000 kcal sucrose) and from beverages (0.02 and 53.1 g/1000 kcal total sugars, 0.08 and 26.9 g/1000 kcal added sugars, 0.9 and 22.7 g/1000 kcal total fructose, and 0.5 and 19.5 g/1000 kcal sucrose). Median intakes for quintiles 1 and 5 for men: from solid foods (20.3 and 60.9 g/1000 kcal total sugars, 5.8 and 23.4 g/1000 kcal added sugars, 6.7 and 20.7 g/1000 kcal total fructose, and 6.9 and 21.5 g/1000 kcal sucrose) and from beverages (0.06 and 62.2 g/1000 kcal total sugars, 0.12 and 30.9 g/1000 kcal added sugars, 1.5 and 23.5 g/1000 kcal total fructose, and 0.8 and 20.7 g/1000 kcal sucrose). CVD, cardiovascular disease; Q, quintile.
Additionally adjusted for family history of cancer (yes or no/unknown), intake of saturated fat (quintiles), intake of polyunsaturated fat (quintiles), intake of red meat (quintiles), history of hypertension (no, yes, or unknown/missing), history of hypercholesterolemia (no, yes, or unknown/missing), and use of aspirin (no, monthly, weekly, daily, or missing).
Additionally adjusted for family history of cancer and intakes of total fat (quintiles) and red meat (quintiles).
Additionally adjusted for intakes of saturated and polyunsaturated fats, and history of hypertension, history of hypercholesterolemia, and use of aspirin.