TABLE 2.
Dark-meat fish (servings/wk) |
Other fish and seafood (servings/wk) |
|||||||||||
None | <0.3 | 0.3–0.6 | 0.7–0.9 | ≥1.0 | P-trend | None | <0.9 | 0.9–1.6 | 1.7–2.5 | ≥2.6 | P-trend | |
Women (n) | 4643 | 753 | 2365 | 2139 | 2144 | — | 599 | 2865 | 2782 | 2872 | 2926 | — |
Age (y) | 37.2 ± 0.62 | 38.3 ± 0.6 | 38.0 ± 0.6 | 38.2 ± 0.6 | 38.8 ± 0.6 | <0.001 | 36.6 ± 0.6 | 37.4 ± 0.6 | 38.2 ± 0.6 | 38.0 ± 0.6 | 38.2 ± 0.6 | <0.001 |
BMI (kg/m2) | 29.6 ± 3.4 | 28.3 ± 3.1 | 29.2 ± 3.2 | 29.0 ± 3.2 | 28.6 ± 3.2 | <0.001 | 28.3 ± 3.2 | 28.8 ± 3.2 | 29.2 ± 3.3 | 29.5 ± 3.4 | 29.4 ± 3.3 | <0.001 |
Age at menarche (y) | 12.3 ± 0.7 | 12.4 ± 0.7 | 12.3 ± 0.7 | 12.3 ± 0.7 | 12.4 ± 0.7 | 0.98 | 12.2 ± 0.7 | 12.3 ± 0.7 | 12.3 ± 0.7 | 12.3 ± 0.7 | 12.4 ± 0.7 | 0.04 |
Ever parous (%) | 62 | 65 | 61 | 62 | 57 | 0.006 | 54 | 63 | 63 | 62 | 59 | 0.02 |
Recent pelvic examination in 2007 (%) | 90 | 87 | 90 | 90 | 92 | 0.008 | 89 | 90 | 90 | 90 | 91 | 0.22 |
Age at first OC3 use (y) | 19.2 ± 1.7 | 19.2 ± 1.6 | 19.3 ± 1.7 | 19.1 ± 1.7 | 19.4 ± 1.8 | 0.26 | 19.7 ± 1.8 | 19.3 ± 1.8 | 19.3 ± 1.7 | 19.1 ± 1.7 | 19.2 ± 1.8 | 0.001 |
Current smoker (%) | 11 | 13 | 12 | 13 | 11 | 0.48 | 8 | 11 | 12 | 11 | 13 | <0.001 |
Alcohol intake (drinks/wk) | 1.3 ± 1.3 | 1.6 ± 1.6 | 1.4 ± 1.3 | 1.5 ± 1.3 | 1.6 ± 1.4 | <0.001 | 1.1 ± 1.2 | 1.2 ± 1.3 | 1.5 ± 1.4 | 1.5 ± 1.3 | 1.6 ± 1.4 | <0.001 |
Energy intake (kcal/d) | 1434 ± 305 | 1292 ± 273 | 1467 ± 298 | 1558 ± 291 | 1761 ± 316 | <0.001 | 1306 ± 297 | 1254 ± 268 | 1392 ± 274 | 1553 ± 285 | 1884 ± 319 | <0.001 |
Total dietary fat (g/d) | 58.3 ± 14.0 | 52.4 ± 12.5 | 60.0 ± 13.7 | 63.5 ± 13.3 | 72.0 ± 14.7 | <0.001 | 51.1 ± 13.0 | 50.1 ± 12.2 | 56.8 ± 12.6 | 63.7 ± 13.1 | 77.7 ± 15.0 | <0.001 |
Total dietary saturated fat (g/d) | 18.7 ± 4.8 | 16.8 ± 4.4 | 19.2 ± 4.7 | 20.1 ± 4.7 | 21.9 ± 4.9 | <0.001 | 16.1 ± 4.4 | 16.1 ± 4.2 | 18.2 ± 4.4 | 20.3 ± 4.6 | 24.0 ± 5.1 | <0.001 |
Dairy intake (servings/d) | 0.9 ± 0.5 | 0.9 ± 0.6 | 1.0 ± 0.5 | 1.0 ± 0.5 | 1.1 ± 0.5 | <0.001 | 0.8 ± 0.5 | 0.8 ± 0.4 | 0.9 ± 0.5 | 1.0 ± 0.5 | 1.1 ± 0.5 | <0.001 |
Fruit and vegetable intake (servings/d) | 1.8 ± 0.7 | 1.8 ± 0.7 | 2.0 ± 0.6 | 2.2 ± 0.6 | 2.8 ± 0.8 | <0.001 | 2.1 ± 0.9 | 1.7 ± 0.7 | 1.8 ± 0.6 | 2.1 ± 0.6 | 2.7 ± 0.8 | <0.001 |
Fast-food restaurant meals (≥18/mo) (%) | 18 | 19 | 16 | 16 | 16 | 0.006 | 12 | 13 | 15 | 18 | 22 | <0.001 |
Marine fatty acids (g/d) | 0.13 ± 0.04 | 0.17 ± 0.04 | 0.20 ± 0.04 | 0.28 ± 0.04 | 0.48 ± 0.09 | <0.001 | 0.06 ± 0.04 | 0.13 ± 0.04 | 0.19 ± 0.04 | 0.25 ± 0.05 | 0.39 ± 0.09 | <0.001 |
Current use of fish-oil supplements (%) | 0.6 | 0.6 | 0.9 | 1.1 | 1.2 | 0.008 | 0.2 | 0.5 | 1.0 | 1.1 | 1.0 | 0.009 |
Current use of flaxseed-oil supplements (%) | 0.3 | 0.2 | 0.3 | 0.4 | 0.7 | 0.11 | 0.2 | 0.3 | 0.4 | 0.6 | 0.4 | 0.18 |
Marital status: married (%) | 43 | 40 | 43 | 43 | 42 | 0.72 | 41 | 43 | 43 | 44 | 40 | 0.10 |
Educational attainment (y) | 14.9 ± 0.8 | 14.7 ± 0.8 | 15.0 ± 0.8 | 15.1 ± 0.7 | 15.2 ± 0.7 | <0.001 | 15.2 ± 0.7 | 15.0 ± 0.8 | 15.0 ± 0.8 | 15.0 ± 0.8 | 15.1 ± 0.7 | 0.25 |
Household income in 2003 (%) | ||||||||||||
≤$50,000 | 42 | 48 | 40 | 30 | 38 | <0.001 | 37 | 43 | 42 | 41 | 40 | 0.18 |
$50,001–$100,000 | 42 | 37 | 40 | 38 | 41 | 0.13 | 43 | 41 | 39 | 40 | 41 | 0.65 |
>$100,000 | 16 | 15 | 20 | 22 | 21 | <0.001 | 19 | 17 | 19 | 20 | 20 | 0.04 |
Region of residence in the United States (%) | ||||||||||||
South | 35 | 38 | 35 | 33 | 34 | 0.19 | 30 | 33 | 35 | 36 | 36 | 0.003 |
Northeast | 21 | 24 | 25 | 29 | 32 | <0.001 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 24 | 29 | <0.001 |
Midwest | 25 | 20 | 22 | 21 | 17 | <0.001 | 24 | 24 | 22 | 23 | 19 | <0.001 |
West | 19 | 18 | 18 | 17 | 17 | 0.001 | 23 | 19 | 18 | 17 | 16 | <0.001 |
Characteristics were ascertained in 2001 unless otherwise noted. Values were standardized to the age distribution of the cohort in 2001. P values were determined from the age-adjusted test for linear trend across all quintiles.
Mean ± SD (all such values).
OC, oral contraceptive.