Table 1.

Mediators implicated in non-rapid eye movement sleep, rapid eye movement sleep, and chronic rhinosinusitis.

Somnogenic Substances/Immune Mediators	Effects NREMS	Effects REMS	CRS	References
Interleukin-1	↑ ↔ ↓		+	Krueger5, Lennard,46 Mullol47
Interleukin-1 Receptor Antagonist	↓			Opp 48
Interleukin-4	↓		+	Krueger5, Kushikata16,
Interleukin-6	↑ ↔ ↓		+	Bauer49, Vgontzas50, Hogan51, Ghaffar52
Interleukin-10	↓		+	Krueger5, Kushikata15, Opp53, Toth54, Jyonouchi 55
Interleukin-13	↓		+	Kubota17, al Ghamdi,14 Reh56
Inferferon alpha	↑ ↔ ↓	↓		Bohnet57
Soluble tumor necrosis factor receptor	↓			Kubota58
Tissue Growth Factor Beta	↓		+	Kubota,17 Kuo13
Histamine	↓		+	Tashiro,59
TLR	↑	↓	+	Wisor,60 Sartorius,61 Lane62
Prostaglandin	↑ ↔ ↓	↑		Sri Kantha,63 Hayaishi,64 Urade,65 Krueger66

NREMS, non-rapid eye movement sleep; REMS, rapid eye movement sleep; CRS, chronic rhinosinusitis; TLR, toll-like receptor. “↑”,”↔”, and “↓” indicate mean influence on NREMS or REMS.