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. 2014 Mar 26;111(14):5094–5099. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1403679111

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Fig. 2. — Growing impurity particle size leads to the emergence of topological defects. The vertices in the plot represent the centers of particles, and the disclinations are indicated by colored dots; red for fivefold disclination, blue for sevenfold disclination, black for eightfold disclination, and orange for ninefold disclination. These topological defects impose confinement on the propagation of the defective region and thus protect the larger hexagonal lattice beyond the red boxes. (A) , (B) , and (C) . The topological charges at the central impurity particles are (A) 0, (B) , and (C) , respectively. The number of particles is .

Inline graphic — Growing impurity particle size leads to the emergence of topological defects. The vertices in the plot represent the centers of particles, and the disclinations are indicated by colored dots; red for fivefold disclination, blue for sevenfold disclination, black for eightfold disclination, and orange for ninefold disclination. These topological defects impose confinement on the propagation of the defective region and thus protect the larger hexagonal lattice beyond the red boxes. (A) , (B) , and (C) . The topological charges at the central impurity particles are (A) 0, (B) , and (C) , respectively. The number of particles is .