Table 1.

Procedures and manipulations used to assess reward-related deficits

Behavioral Construct	Procedure	Manipulation	Measure	References
Anhedonia	Sucrose consumption	Acute PCP (up to 20 mg/kg)	Decreased sucrose intake	Baird et al., 2008
		Chronic intermittent PCP (2.58 mg/kg)	No effect	J. Pratt, Personal Communication
		Sub-chronic PCP (2 – 5 mg/kg) tested after washout	No effect	Jenkins et al., 2010
	Hedonic facial reactions to sucrose	Striatal dopamine D2 over expression	No effect	Ward et al., 2012
	ICSS	Cocaine withdrawal (self-administration procedure)	Elevated ICSS threshold	Markou and Koob, 1991
		Amphetamine withdrawal (up to 15 mg/kg/day experimenter-administered)	Elevated ICSS threshold	Paterson et al., 2000
		PCP withdrawal (up to 20 mg/mg/day)	Elevated ICSS threshold	Spielewoy and Markou, 2003
Avolition	Fixed ratio	Nucleus accumbens dopamine depletion	No effect at low FR, impaired high FR performance	Aberman and Salamone, 1999
	Progressive ratio	Striatal dopamine D2 over expression	Lowered breakpoint	Drew et al., 2007; Simpson et al., 2011
		Amphetamine withdrawal (escalating dosing regimen 1 – 10 mg/kg or 10 mg/kg/day for 7 days)	Lowered breakpoint for sucrose (solution and pellet)	Barr and Philips, 1999; Der-Avakian and Markou, 2010
		Dopamine D1 receptor KO	Impaired learning operant procedure	Young and Geyer, 2010
	Operant effort-related choice	Nucleus accumbens dopamine depletion	Reduced willingness to work for preferred reward	Salamone et al., 1991
		Systemic haloperidol injection (0.1 mg/kg)	Reduced willingness to work for preferred reward	Salamone et al., 1991
		Striatal dopamine D2 over expression	Reduced willingness to work for preferred reward	Ward et al., 2012
	T-maze effort-related choice	Systemic haloperidol injection (0.1 mg/kg)	Biased towards LR arm	Salamone et al., 1994
		Nucleus accumbens dopamine depletion	Biased towards LR arm	Salamone et al., 1994
		Chronic intermittent PCP administration (2.58 mg/kg)	Biased towards LR arm	J. Pratt, Personal Communication
Anticipatory Deficits	Anticipatory locomotion	Withdrawal from escalating amphetamine schedule (1 – 12 mg/kg)	Reduced anticipatory side changes, increased post-ejaculatory intervals, no effect on copulatory behavior	Barr et al., 1999
	Successive negative contrast	Withdrawal from escalating amphetamine schedule (1 – 10 mg/kg)	Exaggerated negative contrast effect	Barr and Philips, 2002
	Successive positive contrast	Withdrawal from escalating amphetamine schedule (1 – 10 mg/kg)	Failure to develop successive positive contrast	Vacca and Philips, 2005