Table 1.

Effort factors and effort elements (Zhao, 2001; Bishko, 2007; Bradley, 2009).

Effort	Element	Description
Space		Attention to the surroundings. “Where.” Spatial orientation
	Indirect	All-round awareness, three–dimensionality of space, flexible Example: waving away bugs, scanning room for misplaced keys
	Direct	Straight, linear action, attention to singular spatial possibility Example: pointing to a particular spot, threading a needle
Flow		Amount of control. “How.” Feeling of how movement progresses
	Free	Uncontrolled, unable to stop in the course of movement Example: flinging a rock into a pond, waving wildly
	Bound	Rigid, controlled, restrained, resisting the flow Example: carrying an filled up of hot tea, moving in slow motion
Weight		Sensing, Intention. “What.” Attitude of movement
	Light	Buoyant, weightless, sensitive Example: dabbing paint on a canvas, movement of feather
	Strong	Powerful, bold, forceful, determined Example: punching, pushing, wringing a towel
Time		Intention, decision. “When.” Lack or sense of urgency
	Sustained	Leisurely, lingering Example: yawning, smelling the flowers
	Quick	Unexpected, surprising, urgent, fleeting Example: swatting a fly, grabbing child from path of danger