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. 2014 Apr 8;5:130. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00130

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Copyright © 2014 Chaldakov, Fiore, Ghenev, Beltowski, Ranćić, Tunçel and Aloe.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Schematic presentation of vascular wall composed of four tissue coats (tunicae): intima, media, adventitia, and adiposa. Arrows show that tunica media is a target for at least two vasorelaxing factors, endothelium-derived relaxing factor (EDRF) and adipocyte-derived relaxing factor (ADRF), respectively. Discontinuous black line positioned at the adventitia–media border illustrates perivascular nerves. Small-sized discontinuous black lines located in tunica adiposa indicate adipose nerves. Black granules (except those linked to arrows) illustrate immune cells – their association with nerves and adipocytes is also depicted. Modified from Ref. (14).