. 2014 Jan 9;38(2):97–105. doi: 10.1016/j.jgr.2013.12.003

Table 2.

Comparison of Hormones and Free Fatty Acid Between the Fermented Red Ginseng (FRG) Group and the Placebo Group

Markers	Sample	Groups	Mean ± SD (n)	p¹⁾ (p²⁾)	Δ2^nd – 1^st
Markers	Sample	Groups	Mean ± SD (n)	p¹⁾ (p²⁾)	Mean ± SD (n)	p¹⁾
ACTH (pg/mL)	1^st	Placebo	19.6 ± 10.1 (43)	0.712
	1^st	FRG	20.6 ± 13.2 (49)
	2^nd	Placebo	20.4 ± 10.1 (44)	0.321	2.3 (43)	0.52
	2^nd	FRG	22.7 ± 11.8 (49)	(0.34)	0.9 (49)
Cortisol (μg/dL)	1^st	Placebo	11.4 ± 3.3 (43)	0.064
	1^st	FRG	9.9 ± 4.2 (49)
	2^nd	Placebo	11.2 ± 3.5 (44)	0.531	−0.2 (43)	0.13
	2^nd	FRG	10.8 ± 3.8 (49)	(0.52)	0.9 (49)
Estradiol (pg/mL)	1^st	Placebo	22.6 ± 17.3 (20)	0.693
	1^st	FRG	20.6 ± 15.1 (20)
	2^nd	Placebo	14.5 ± 7.3 (19)	0.083	−7.4 (19)	0.06*
	2^nd	FRG	18.3 ± 7.3 (19)	(0.06*)	1.0 (19)
GH (ng/mL)	1^st	Placebo	1.4 ± 1.3 (20)	0.424
	1^st	FRG	1.9 ± 2.6 (20)
	2^nd	Placebo	0.9 ± 1.2 (20)		−0.40 (20)	0.50
	2^nd	FRG	1.8 ± 1.4 (20)	(0.06*)	−0.06 (20)
DHEAS (μg/dL)	1^st	Placebo	71.5 ± 28.9 (43)	0.412
	1^st	FRG	66.7 ± 26.8 (49)
	2^nd	Placebo	65.2 ± 31.4 (44)	0.871	−6.2 (43)	0.03**
	2^nd	FRG	66.2 ± 29.1(49)	(0.05*)	0.5 (49)
Insulin (μU/mL)	1^st	Placebo	6.5 ± 7.2 (43)	0.667
	1^st	FRG	7.1 ± 6.2 (49)
	2^nd	Placebo	6.4 ± 3.6 (43)	0.838	1.0 (43)	0.01**
	2^nd	FRG	6.3 ± 2.9 (48)	(0.04**)	−0.2 (48)
Glucose (mg/dL)	1^st	Placebo	91.9 ± 8.9 (43)	0.211
	1^st	FRG	89.9 ± 6.8 (49)
	2^nd	Placebo	89.6 ± 6.8 (44)	0.128	2.2 (43)	0.85
	2^nd	FRG	87.4 ± 7.1 (49)	(0.31)	2.5 (49)
FSH (mIU/mL)	1^st	Placebo	73.8 ± 25.6 (20)	0.261
	1^st	FRG	65.6 ± 19.6 (20)
	2^nd	Placebo	74.0 ± 24.3 (20)	0.387	0.1 (20)	0.44
	2^nd	FRG	68.0 ± 18.5 (20)	(0.68)	2.4 (20)
LH (mIU/mL)	1^st	Placebo	37.8 ± 14.7 (20)	0.068*
	1^st	FRG	30.6 ± 8.8 (20)
	2^nd	Placebo	38.8 ± 14.8 (20)	0.036**	1.0 (20)	0.56
	2^nd	FRG	30.3 ± 9.0 (20)	(0.30)	−0.3 (20)
TSH (μIU/mL)	1^st	Placebo	2.7 ± 1.6 (20)	0.058*
	1^st	FRG	1.9 ± 1.0 (20)
	2^nd	Placebo	2.8 ± 1.8 (20)	0.298	0.1 (20)	0.41
	2^nd	FRG	2.3 ± 1.2 (20)	(0.80)	0.4 (20)
T3 (pg/dL)	1^st	Placebo	—
	1^st	FRG	—
	2^nd	Placebo	912.1 ± 912 (20)		0.12 (20)	0.33
	2^nd	FRG	935.6 ± 123 (20)	(0.86)	0.06 (20)
FFA (μEq/L)	1^st	Placebo	662.4 ± 232.1 (43)	0.901
	1^st	FRG	656.8 ± 197.3 (49)
	2^nd	Placebo	640.0 ± 223.7 (44)	0.653	−23.5 (43)	0.61
	2^nd	FRG	660.3 ± 217.0 (49)	(0.61)	3.8 (49)
Brachial Pulse rate (beats/min)	1^st	Placebo	70.1 ± 8.4 (48)	0.654
	1^st	FRG	69.4 ± 9.5 (44)
	2^nd	Placebo	68.5 ± 8.5 (48)	0.957	−0.6 (47)	0.494
	2^nd	FRG	68.4 ± 8.5 (43)	(0.829)	−1.7 (44)

* p < 0.1.

** p < 0.05.

*** p < 0.01.

Δ2^nd – 1^st, second sample minus first sample; (n), number of samples; ACTH, adrenocorticotropic hormone; DHEAS, dehydroepiandrosterone; FSH, follicle stimulating hormone; GH, growth hormone; LH, luteinizing hormone; SD, standard deviation; T3, tri-iodothyronine; TSH, thyroid-stimulating hormone.

¹⁾

Independent t test.

²⁾

Analysis of covariance.