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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2014 Apr 15.
Published in final edited form as: Annu Rev Biochem. 2010;79:537–562. doi: 10.1146/annurev-biochem-030409-143539

Figure 1.

Figure 1

(a) Copper catalyzes production of hydroxyl radicals via the Fenton reaction.

(b) Copper has a tendency to form stable complexes relative to other essential divalent metals, and hence it is at the top of the Irving-Williams series.

(b) Monovalent copper is also competitive, forming tight protein complexes.