Table 2.
No\little effect (n = 267) | Large effect (n = 39) | p-values*** | |
---|---|---|---|
Demograhpic |
|
|
|
Age (years) |
64 (9) |
69 (8) |
0.004 |
Age groups (years) |
|
|
|
50-59 |
101 (38%) |
5 (13%) |
0.015 |
60-69 |
93 (35%) |
18 (46%) |
|
70-79 |
65 (24%) |
13 (33%) |
|
80- |
8 (3%) |
3 (8%) |
|
Women |
228 (85%) |
28 (72%) |
0.032 |
Weight (kg) |
72.5 (13.0) |
78.7 (16.3) |
0.007 |
BMI (kg/m2) |
26.0 (4.1) |
27.8 (5.1) |
0.018 |
Menopause (years) |
49.2 (4.5) |
49.6 (3.9) |
0.658 |
Higher education (>13 years) |
81 (32%) |
9 (24%) |
0.375 |
Married/cohabiting |
186 (70%) |
29 (74%) |
0.593 |
Regular exercise* |
215 (81%) |
22 (56%) |
0.001 |
Currently smoking |
43 (16%) |
5 (13%) |
0.592 |
Co-morbidity |
|
|
|
Mean total score for co-morbidity (range 0–6) |
0.8 (0.9) |
1.1 (0.9) |
0.062 |
Clinical status |
|
|
|
Osteoporois** |
49 (18%) |
9 (23%) |
0.489 |
≥1 fall in the previous year |
89 (39%) |
12 (39%) |
0.958 |
Previous fracture |
122 (46%) |
18 (46%) |
0.545 |
Health status |
|
|
|
Mean MHAQ*** |
1.0 (0.2) |
1.1 (0.2) |
0.567 |
Health related quality of life |
|
|
|
SF-36 - PCS**** |
53 (8) |
44 (9) |
<0.001 |
SF-36 – MCS**** |
52 (8) |
44 (12) |
0.001 |
Global quality of life |
|
|
|
QOLS***** | 97 (9) | 89 (11) | <0.001 |
*= more than 30 min three times each week.
**Osteoporosis at total hip and/or spine L2–L4.
***The MHAQ score ranges from 1 to 4 where 1 indicates a higher perception of the ability to perform daily living activities.
****The score for SF-36 ranges from 0 to 100 where 100 indicates a high HRQOL.
*****The QOLS score ranges from 16 to 112 where 112 indicates a high GQOL.
PCS = physical component summary, MCS = mental component summary, MHAQ = Modified Health Assessment Questionnaire, QOLS = quality of life scale.
Continuous variables are expressed as the mean and with standard deviation in brackets (SD) while categorical variables are expressed as numbers and percentage (%) in brackets. In the group comparisons, independent samples t-tests were used for continuous variables and chi-squared tests were used for categorical variables.