Table 1.

List of adjuvants by their dominant mechanism of action

Antigen delivery systems	Immunopotentiators
• Electroporation	• Alternative pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs): e.g. Cholera enterotoxin; liquenase.
• Gene gun	• Heat-shock proteins
• Liposomes	• Lysosome and endocelllular reticulum (ER) targeting agents
• Virosomes™	• Saponins (Quils, QS-21)
• ISCOMS®	• TLRs agonists: e.g, imiquimod, oligonucleotides (CpG, etc.), double-stranded RNA (dsRNA)
• Micro/Nanoparticles: e.g. microparticles of poly (lactide-co-glycolide) (PLG)	• Cytokines & chemokines: e.g. IL2, IL12 and GM-CSF
• Emulsions: e.g., MF59, Montanides	• Treg inactivators: e.g. anti-apoptotic molecules, low-dose cyclophosphamide, antibodies anti-CD 25, -CTLA, -IL10, or -PDL-1
• Virus-like particles & viral/bacterial vectors	• Monophosphoryl lipid A (MPL) and synthetic derivates
	• Muramyl dipeptide (MDP) and derivatives