Table 3.
Associations of indoor passive smoking on adult mental health by GHQ-12 items.
| GHQ-12 Items | Yes n (%) |
Being Exposed in 1 Place | Being Exposed ≥2 Places | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| RRR (95%CI) | p value | RRR (95%CI) | p value | ||
| Able to concentrate | |||||
| better than usual | 779 (2.8%) | reference | n/a | reference | n/a |
| same as usual | 24,033 (86.1%) | 1.13 (0.89–1.43) | 0.319 | 0.97 (0.62–1.54) | 0.991 |
| less than usual | 2,658 (9.5%) | 1.43 (1.11–1.85) | 0.006 | 1.59 (0.97–2.61) | 0.068 |
| much less than usual | 450 (1.6%) | 1.94 (1.38–2.72) | <0.001 | 1.50 (0.81–2.76) | 0.197 |
| Lost sleep over worry | |||||
| not at all | 10,249 (36.7%) | reference | n/a | reference | n/a |
| no more than usual | 13,310 (47.6%) | 1.15 (1.06–1.25) | 0.001 | 0.93 (0.80–1.08) | 0.341 |
| rather more than usual | 3,452 (12.4%) | 1.32 (1.17–1.48) | <0.001 | 1.10 (0.87–1.38) | 0.418 |
| much more than usual | 927 (3.3%) | 1.85 (1.53–2.23) | <0.001 | 2.25 (1.63–3.11) | <0.001 |
| Felt playing useful part in things | |||||
| more than usual | 2,098 (7.5%) | reference | n/a | reference | n/a |
| same as usual | 22,872 (82.1%) | 1.05 (0.92–1.21) | 0.456 | 1.22 (0.93–1.59) | 0.148 |
| less than usual | 2,255 (8.1%) | 1.40 (1.17–1.67) | <0.001 | 2.27 (1.63–3.17) | <0.001 |
| much less than usual | 645 (2.3%) | 1.65 (1.27–2.14) | <0.001 | 1.83 (1.18–2.85) | 0.007 |
| Felt capable of making decisions | |||||
| more than usual | 1,722 (6.2%) | reference | n/a | reference | n/a |
| same as usual | 24,202 (86.6%) | 0.95 (0.81–1.10) | 0.471 | 1.04 (0.79–1.36) | 0.806 |
| less than usual | 1,684 (6.0%) | 1.21 (0.98–1.48) | 0.073 | 1.61 (1.11–2.33) | 0.012 |
| much less than usual | 328 (1.2%) | 1.79 (1.30–2.45) | <0.001 | 2.09 (1.12–3.90) | 0.020 |
| Felt constantly under strain | |||||
| not at all | 7,544 (27.0%) | reference | n/a | reference | n/a |
| no more than usual | 15,244 (54.6%) | 1.05 (0.96–1.15) | 0.293 | 0.93 (0.78–1.12) | 0.449 |
| rather more than usual | 4,182 (15.0%) | 1.21 (1.07–1.36) | 0.002 | 1.07 (0.86–1.35) | 0.544 |
| much more than usual | 958 (3.4%) | 1.50 (1.24–1.82) | <0.001 | 1.70 (1.22–2.37) | 0.002 |
| Felt couldn’t overcome difficulties | |||||
| not at all | 10,817 (38.7%) | reference | n/a | reference | n/a |
| no more than usual | 14,235 (51.0%) | 1.20 (1.11–1.31) | <0.001 | 1.00 (0.87–1.15) | 0.966 |
| rather more than usual | 2,257 (8.1%) | 1.42 (1.24–1.63) | <0.001 | 1.48 (1.16–1.90) | 0.002 |
| much more than usual | 611 (2.2%) | 1.98 (1.59–2.49) | <0.001 | 1.41 (0.96–2.07) | 0.080 |
| Able to enjoy day–to–day activities | |||||
| more than usual | 1,403 (5.0%) | reference | n/a | reference | n/a |
| same as usual | 22,192 (79.4%) | 1.03 (0.85–1.24) | 0.769 | 1.15 (0.84–1.58) | 0.384 |
| less than usual | 3,478 (12.5%) | 1.32 (1.07–1.62) | 0.010 | 1.68 (1.216–2.41) | 0.005 |
| much less than usual | 863 (3.1%) | 1.55 (1.19–2.02) | 0.001 | 1.59 (1.00–2.53) | 0.051 |
| Been able to face problems | |||||
| more than usual | 1,212 (4.3%) | reference | n/a | reference | n/a |
| same as usual | 24,314 (87.1%) | 0.96 (0.79–1.17) | 0.683 | 0.71 (0.52–0.98) | 0.037 |
| less than usual | 1,975 (7.1%) | 1.36 (1.09–1.70) | 0.007 | 1.17 (0.80–1.72) | 0.414 |
| much less than usual | 420 (1.5%) | 1.44 (1.03–2.01) | 0.033 | 1.05 (0.58–1.88) | 0.880 |
| Been feeling unhappy and depressed | |||||
| not at all | 11,937 (42.7%) | reference | n/a | reference | n/a |
| no more than usual | 11,596 (41.5%) | 1.19 (1.10–1.30) | <0.001 | 1.20 (1.03–1.41) | 0.023 |
| rather more than usual | 3,492 (12.5%) | 1.43 (1.27–1.60) | <0.001 | 1.80 (1.46–2.22) | <0.001 |
| much more than usual | 904 (3.2%) | 1.96 (1.62–2.36) | <0.001 | 2.44 (1.76–3.39) | <0.001 |
| Been losing confidence in self | |||||
| not at all | 13,269 (47.5%) | reference | n/a | reference | n/a |
| no more than usual | 10,908 (39.1%) | 1.12 (1.04–1.22) | 0.003 | 1.09 (0.94–1.26) | 0.272 |
| rather more than usual | 2,986 (10.7%) | 1.39 (1.23–1.56) | <0.001 | 1.79 (1.45–2.20) | <0.001 |
| much more than usual | 765 (2.7%) | 1.89 (1.55–2.32) | <0.001 | 2.27 (1.64–3.12) | <0.001 |
| Been thinking of self as worthless | |||||
| not at all | 19,055 (68.3%) | reference | n/a | reference | n/a |
| no more than usual | 6,793 (24.3%) | 1.17 (1.08–1.28) | <0.001 | 1.37 (1.17–1.60) | <0.001 |
| rather more than usual | 1,494 (5.4%) | 1.44 (1.24–1.66) | <0.001 | 1.94 (1.50–2.52) | <0.001 |
| much more than usual | 575 (2.1%) | 1.81 (1.42–2.29) | <0.001 | 1.74 (1.18–2.58) | 0.006 |
| Been feeling reasonably happy | |||||
| more than usual | 2,662 (9.5%) | reference | n/a | reference | n/a |
| same as usual | 22,439 (80.3%) | 1.10 (0.97–1.26) | 0.141 | 1.13 (0.89–1.45) | 0.311 |
| less than usual | 2,283 (8.2%) | 1.42 (1.19–1.68) | <0.001 | 1.70 (1.25–2.29) | 0.001 |
| much less than usual | 550 (2.0%) | 1.83 (1.41–2.37) | <0.001 | 2.15 (1.40–3.30) | <0.001 |
Note: Adjusted for age, sex, ethnicity, body mass index, smoking status, high blood pressure, education level, alcohol intake, and exercise, and survey weighting.