Table 2.
Intervention characteristics of randomised controlled trials of incretin treatment in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus
| Author (year) | Drugs used across groups | Incretin | Control | Follow-up from start of treatment (weeks) |
|||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Type | Events | Type | Events | ||||
| Araki (2013)36 | None | Linagliptin | 0/319 | Placebo | 0/80 | 12 | |
| Linagliptin | 0/319 | Voglibose | 0/162 | ||||
| Barnett (2012)37 | None | Linagliptin | 0/151 | Placebo | 0/76 | 18 | |
| Bergenstal (2010)38 | Metformin | Exenatide | 0/160 | Pioglitazone | 2/165 | 26 | |
| Sitagliptin | 0/166 | Pioglitazone | 2/165 | ||||
| Bunck (2009)39 | Metformin | Exenatide | 1/36 | Insulin glargine | 0/33 | 52 | |
| Buse (2011)40 | Insulin glargine ± metformin/pioglitazone (or both agents) | Exenatide | 0/137 | Placebo | 0/122 | 30 | |
| Chacra (2011)41 | Glyburide | Saxagliptin | 0/501 | Placebo | 0/267 | 76 | |
| Diamant (2010)42 | Metformin ± SU | Exenatide | 1/233 | Insulin glargine | 0/223 | 26 | |
| Fonseca (2012)43 | None | Lixisenatide | 0/239 | Placebo | 0/122 | 12 | |
| Gallwitz (2012)a44 | Metformin | Linagliptin | 1/776 | Glimepiride | 0/775 | 104 | |
| Gallwitz (2012)b45 | Metformin | Exenatide | 1/511 | Glimepiride | 1/508 | 107* | |
| Garber (2009)46 | None | Liraglutide | 2/497 | Glimepiride | 0/248 | 52 | |
| Grunberger (2012)47 | None | Dulaglutide | 0/132 | Placebo | 1/32 | 12 | |
| Haak (2012)48 | None | Linagliptin | 0/428 | Placebo | 0/72 | 24 | |
| Henry (2012)49 | Metformin | Taspoglutide | 0/223 | Placebo | 0/101 | 24 | |
| Hollander (2011)50 | TZD | Saxagliptin | 1/381 | Placebo | 0/184 | 76 | |
| Hollander (2012)51 | Metformin | Taspoglutide | 0/154 | Placebo | 0/150 | 24 | |
| Inagaki (2012) 52 | BG or BG + TZD | Exenatide | 0/215 | Insulin glargine | 0/212 | 26 | |
| Kadowaki (2009) 53 | SU ± BG/TZD | Exenatide | 0/111 | Placebo | 0/40 | 12 | |
| Kaku (2010) 54 | SU (glibenclamide, glicazide or glimeprimide) | liraglutide | 0/176 | Placebo | 0/88 | 24 | |
| Kikuchi (2010)55 | Glimepiride | Vildagliptin | 0/102 | Placebo | 0/100 | 12 | |
| Kothny (2012) 56 | Untreated, insulin, OADs or any combination | Vildagliptin | 0/216 | Placebo | 0/153 | 52 | |
| Marre (2009)57 | Glimepiride | Liraglutide | 1/695 | Placebo | 0/114 | 26 | |
| Liraglutide | 1/695 | Rosiglitazone | 0/231 | ||||
| Nauck (2009)58 | Metformin | Taspoglutide | 0/248 | Placebo | 0/49 | 12 | |
| Nauck (2013)a 59 | Metformin | Taspoglutide | 0/715 | Insulin glargine | 0/322 | 24 | |
| Nauck (2013) b60 | Metformin | Liraglutide | 1/724 | Placebo | 0/121 | 104 | |
| Liraglutide | 1/724 | Glimepiride | 1/242 | ||||
| NCT00082381 (2009)61 | Metformin + SU | Exenatide | 0/282 | Insulin glargine | 1/267 | 26 | |
| NCT00094770 (2009) 62 | Metformin | Sitagliptin | 1/588 | Glipizide | 0/584 | 104 | |
| NCT00103857 (2009) 63 | None | Sitagliptin | 1/551 | Metformin | 0/364 | 104 | |
| NCT00327015 (2009)64 | None | Saxagliptin | 0/978 | Metformin | 1/328 | 24 | |
| NCT00328172 (2011) 65 | None | Linagliptin | 1/170 | Placebo | 0/67 | 12 | |
| Linagliptin | 1/170 | Metformin | 0/65 | ||||
| NCT00395512 (2013) 66 | None | Alogliptin | 1/491 | Pioglitazone | 0/163 | 26 | |
| NCT00482729 (2009)67 | Metformin | Sitagliptin | 1/625 | No additional drug | 0/621 | 44 | |
| NCT00575588 (2010) 68 | Metformin | Saxagliptin | 0/428 | Glipizide | 1/430 | 104 | |
| NCT00614939 (2011) 69 | OADs and/or insulin | Saxagliptin | 0/85 | Placebo | 1/85 | 52 | |
| NCT00722371 (2011) 70 | None | Sitagliptin | 0/922 | Pioglitazone | 1/693 | 54 | |
| NCT00757588 (2011) 71 | Insulin ± metformin | Saxagliptin | 0/304 | Placebo | 0/151 | 52 | |
| NCT00954447 (2012) 72 | Insulin and/or metformin and/or pioglitazone | Linagliptin | 3†/631 | Placebo | 1/630 | 52 | |
| NCT01137812 (2013) 73 | Metformin + SU | Sitagliptin | 0/378 | Canagliflozin | 1/377 | 52 | |
| NCT01204294 (2012)74 | SU or A-GI | Linagliptin | 0/228 | Metformin | 0/124 | 52 | |
| NCT01289119 (2013) 75 | None | Alogliptin | 0/252 | Placebo | 1/92 | 16 | |
| Alogliptin | 0/252 | Metformin | 0/98 | ||||
| Alogliptin | 0/252 | Pioglitazone | 0/63 | ||||
| Pan (2012) 76 | None | Saxagliptin | 0/284 | Placebo | 0/284 | 24 | |
| Pratley (2013) 77 | SU ± metformin | Taspoglutide | 1/494 | Pioglitazone | 0/257 | 24 | |
| Ratner (2010) 78 | Metformin | Lixisenatide | 0/433 | Placebo | 0/109 | 13 | |
| Raz (2012) 79 | None | Taspoglutide | 0/245 | Placebo | 0/123 | 24 | |
| Rosenstock (2009) a80 | None | Exenatide | 0/35 | Placebo | 0/51 | 16 | |
| Albiglutide | 0/270 | Placebo | 0/51 | ||||
| Rosenstock (2009)b81 | Insulin ± metformin | Alogliptin | 2/260 | Placebo | 0/129 | 26 | |
| Ross (2012) 82 | metformin | Linagliptin | 0/447 | Placebo | 0/44 | 12 | |
| Russell-Jones (2009) 83 | Metformin + glimepiride | Liraglutide | 0/230 | Placebo | 0/114 | ||
| Liraglutide | 0/230 | Insulin glargine | 0/232 | 26 | |||
| Russell-Jones (2012) 84 | None | Exenatide | 0/248 | Metformin | 0/246 | 26 | |
| Exenatide | 0/248 | Pioglitazone | 0/163 | ||||
| Sitagliptin | 1/163 | Metformin | 0/246 | ||||
| Sitagliptin | 1/163 | Pioglitazone | 0/163 | ||||
| Seino (2010) 85 | None | Liraglutide | 0/268 | Glibenclamide | 0/132 | 24 | |
| Seino (2012)a 86 | Metformin | Alogliptin | 0/188 | Placebo | 0/100 | 12 | |
| Seino (2012)b 87 | Insulin ± SU | Lixisenatide | 0/154 | Placebo | 0/157 | 24 | |
| Umpierrez (2011)88 | Each of the two different classes (SU, biguanide, TZD or DPP-4) | Dulaglutide | 2/196 | Placebo | 0/66 | 16 | |
| Yang (2011)89 | Metformin | Liraglutide | 0/697 | Glimepiride | 0/231 | 16 | |
| Zinman (2009) 90 | Metformin + rosiglitazone | Liraglutide | 0/356 | Placebo | 0/177 | 26 | |
SU=sulfonylurea; TZD=thiazolidinedione; BG=biguanide; OADs=oral antidiabetic drugs.
*Average treatment time (weeks); A-GI, alpha-glucosidase inhibitor.
†Pancreatitis events data extracted from additional information reported in ClinicalTrials.gov.