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Diagram representing our hypothesis that galectin-3 from tumor parenchyma or stroma in the tumor microenvironments sites could augment VEGF signals to: improve angiogenesis, enhance macrophage migration to tumors, which in turns enhance TGFβ1 signaling to produce more VEGF. In addition, galectin-3 could enhance macrophages to secreted cytokines to an immune regulatory pattern with TGFβ1 as a mediator, which in turns enhances VEGF and so on.
