Table 2.
Post hoc comparison and effect size statistics of original trials (head-bobbing; HB), simulated trials without head-bobbing (no HB), and simulated trials in which the timing of head-bobbing was inversed (inv. HB)
| Mean difference | 95% CI of mean difference | Significance (Dunnett’s t ) | Effect size (Cohen’s d ) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Vertical displacement of the head | ||||
| Vaulting |
|
|
|
|
| No HB vs. HB |
–0.9214 cm |
± 0.3319 |
0.842 |
0.22 |
| Inv. HB vs. HB |
0.3787 cm |
± 0.3319 |
0.021* |
0.82 |
| CoM vs. HB |
–0.2762 cm |
± 0.3320 |
0.123 |
0.69 |
| Bouncing |
|
|
|
|
| No HB vs. HB |
0.3389 cm |
± 0.3131 |
0.03* |
0.91 |
| Inv. HB vs. HB |
1.3145 cm |
± 0.3131 |
< 0.001*** |
1.95 |
| CoM vs. HB |
0.5885 cm |
± 0.3132 |
0.944 |
0.20 |
| |
|
|
|
|
|
Amplitude of E
p
fluctuation | ||||
| Vaulting |
|
|
|
|
| No HB vs. HB |
0.3639 mJ |
± 3.7318 |
0.964 |
0.08 |
| Inv. HB vs. HB |
0.8127 mJ |
± 3.7319 |
0.837 |
0.18 |
| Bouncing |
|
|
|
|
| No HB vs. HB |
0.9257 mJ |
± 2.1613 |
0.530 |
0.24 |
| Inv. HB vs. HB |
2.8846 mJ |
± 2.1614 |
0.096 |
0.48 |
| |
|
|
|
|
|
Amplitude of E
k
fluctuation |
|
|
|
|
| Vaulting |
|
|
|
|
| No HB vs. HB |
–1.9423 mJ |
± 4.3011 |
0.486 |
0.35 |
| Inv. HB vs. HB |
–3.4037 mJ |
± 4.3012 |
0.137 |
0.67 |
| Bouncing |
|
|
|
|
| No HB vs. HB |
–2.2789 mJ |
± 2.9916 |
0.159 |
0.38 |
| Inv. HB vs. HB | –2.0391 mJ | ± 2.9915 | 0.223 | 0.36 |
*: significant at the p = 0.05 level; ***: significant at the p = 0.001 level.