. 2014 May;104(5):e62–e69. doi: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301805

TABLE 2—

Secular Trends in Adolescent Fast-Food Restaurant Use From 1999 to 2010 in a Population-Based Sample by Sociodemographic Characteristics: Minneapolis–St Paul, MN, Project EAT

			Fast-Food Restaurant Use: Past Week Frequency				Frequent Fast-Food Restaurant Use (≥ 3 Times in Past Week)
Characteristic	1999 No.^a	2010 No.	1999,^a Mean	2010, Mean	ES^b	P	1999,^a %	2010, %	P
Total sample	3072	2793	1.82	1.60	−0.14	< .001	25.1	18.7	< .001
Gender
Boys	1436	1307	1.79	1.60	−0.12	.003	24.2	18.6	< .001
Girls	1636	1486	1.84	1.60	−0.15	< .001	25.8	18.7	< .001
School level
Middle school	1428	1444	1.72	1.49	−0.14	< .001	22.6	16.0	< .001
High school	1644	1349	1.90	1.72	−0.11	.003	27.2	21.5	< .001
Ethnicity/race^c
White	587	525	1.50	1.28	−0.14	.02	17.8	12.8	.02
Black	885	808	2.08	1.95	−0.08	.12	30.3	26.7	.11
Hispanic	513	472	1.85	1.61	−0.14	.02	24.2	17.0	.005
Asian	615	555	1.54	1.29	−0.15	.01	20.7	11.7	< .001
Native American	110	102	2.04	1.86	−0.11	.42	28.9	22.6	.29
Mixed/other	295	322	2.13	1.69	−0.27	.001	33.8	21.2	< .001
Parental SES^d
Low	1168	1072	1.83	1.74	−0.05	.2	25.8	20.8	.006
Low–middle	655	595	1.85	1.62	−0.13	.02	24.3	19.8	.06
Middle	521	471	1.92	1.57	−0.21	.001	26.9	17.9	.001
High–middle	388	347	1.79	1.44	−0.21	.005	24.8	16.1	.004
High	224	203	1.48	1.12	−0.22	.02	18.5	9.9	.01

Note. ES = effect size; Project EAT = Eating and Activity in Teens; SES = socioeconomic status.

^{^a}

The 1999 sample was weighted to allow for an examination of secular trends in fast-food restaurant use independent of demographic shifts in the population. For example, the test comparing fast-food restaurant use within the low-SES group between 1999 and 2010 is mutually controlled so that gender, school level, and ethnicity/race makeup are the same in the low-SES group in the 1999 sample as in the 2010 sample.

^{^b}

ES is calculated as the difference in mean fast-food restaurant use frequency between 1999 and 2010 divided by the pooled SD of fast-food restaurant use frequency, which was 1.66.

^{^c}

Adolescents could choose more than 1 ethnic/racial category; those responses indicating multiple categories were coded as mixed/other. Because there were few participants who identified themselves as Hawaiians or Pacific Islanders these participants were also included in the mixed/other category.

^dSES was determined primarily by using the higher education level of either parent based on adolescent report. To prevent misclassification as high SES on the basis of education, we developed an algorithm that took into account family eligibility for public assistance, eligibility for free or reduced-cost school meals, and parental employment status.^21,30