TABLE 3—

Secular Trends in Maternal Fast-Food Restaurant Use From 1999 to 2010 by Sociodemographic Characteristics: Minneapolis-St Paul, MN, Project EAT

			Fast-Food Restaurant Use: Past Week Frequency				Frequent Fast-Food Restaurant Use (≥ 3 Times in Past Week)
Characteristic	1999, No.a	2010, No.	1999,a Mean	2010, Mean	ESb	P	1999,a %	2010, %	P
Total sample	802	2221	1.42	1.24	−0.14	.03	16.8	11.3	< .001
Ethnicity/racec
White	247	660	1.46	1.25	−0.15	.04	15.4	11.8	.15
Black	232	627	1.61	1.54	−0.05	.49	22.6	17.7	.11
Hispanic	115	371	1.80	1.23	−0.41	< .001	27.7	7.8	< .001
Asian	161	436	0.83	0.76	−0.05	.56	3.9	3.7	.88
Mixed/other	47	127	1.39	1.31	−0.06	.55	12.8	12.6	.98
Highest household education
Did not finish high school	167	510	1.01	1.09	0.07	.5	13.3	8.0	.04
Finished high school	181	484	1.69	1.31	−0.35	.001	21.2	10.3	< .001
Some college	232	623	1.60	1.46	−0.13	.17	19.9	17.5	.42
Finished college	146	398	1.34	1.19	−0.14	.26	11.4	11.3	.97
Advanced degree	76	206	1.28	0.85	−0.40	.02	15.3	2.4	< .001

Note. ES = effect size; Project EAT = Eating and Activity in Teens.

^aThe 1999 sample was weighted to allow for an examination of secular trends in fast-food restaurant use independent of demographic shifts in the population. For example, the test comparing fast-food restaurant use within the group that did not finish high school between 1999 and 2010 is mutually controlled so that ethnicity/race makeup is the same in this group in the 1999 sample as in the 2010 sample.

^bES is calculated as the difference in mean fast-food restaurant use frequency between 1999 and 2010 divided by the pooled SD of fast-food restaurant use frequency, which was 1.36.

^cMothers could choose more than 1 ethnic/racial category; those responses indicating multiple categories were coded as mixed/other. Because there were few participants who identified themselves as Hawaiians, Pacific Islanders, or Native Americans, these participants were also included in the mixed/other category.