Table 3. Association of Diabetes with Objective Measures of Physical Function.
| SPPB (N=896) | Usual Gait Speed in m/s (N=891) | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Model 1 β (SE) |
Model 2 β (SE) |
Model 3 β (SE) |
Model 4 | Model 1 β (SE) |
Model 2 β (SE) |
Model 3 β (SE) |
Model 4 | |
| Diabetes Status | ||||||||
| Non Diabetic | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
| IFG | −.16 (.23) | −.13 (.23) | −.10 (.22) | −.05 (.21) | −.02 (.02) | −.02 (.02) | −.02 (.02) | −.01 (.02) |
| Diabetic | −.99 (.23) ** | −.91 (.23) ** | −.80 (.21) ** | −.67 (.21) ** | −.11 (.02) ** | −.10 (.02) ** | −.10 (.02) ** | −.10 (.02) ** |
| Age (years) | −.18 (.01) ** | −.18 (.01) ** | −.14 (.01) ** | −.11 (.01) ** | −.02 (.00) ** | −.02 (.00) ** | −.02 (.00) ** | −.01 (.00) ** |
| Women (vs. Men) | −.88 (.17) ** | −1.00 (.18) ** | −1.02 (.17) ** | −.72 (.17) ** | −.12 (.02) ** | −.13 (.02) ** | −.14 (.02) ** | −.11 (.02) ** |
| Education (years) | .03 (.02) | .03 (.02) | .04 (.02) | .01 (.02) | .01 (.00) ** | .01 (.00) ** | .01 (.00) ** | .01 (.00) ** |
| BMI | ||||||||
| < 22 | −.13 (.31) | −.08 (.31) | .12 (.30) | .14 (.29) | −.04 (.03) | −.04 (.03) | −.04 (.03) | −.01 (.03) |
| 22-24 | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
| 25-29 | −.20 (.19) | −.22 (.19) | −.35 (.18) | −.40 (.17) * | −.05 (.02) ** | −.06 (.02) ** | −.06 (.02) ** | −.07 (.02) ** |
| 30+ | −.41 (.22) | −.45 (.22) * | −.45 (.21) * | −.53 (.20) ** | −.09 (.02) ** | −.09 (.02) ** | −.09 (.02) ** | −.09 (.02) ** |
| Smoking Status | ||||||||
| Never | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
| Former | −.14 (.20) | −.15 (.20) | −.11 (.19) | .01 (.18) | −.03 (.02) | −.03 (.02) | −.03 (.02) | −.03 (.02) |
| Current | −.16 (.23) | −.12 (.23) | −.00 (.22) | −.01 (.21) | −.02 (.02) | −.02 (.02) | −.00 (.02) | −.00 (.02) |
| NCV (m/s) | .05 (.02) * | −.02 (.02) | .00 (.00) | −.00 (.00) | ||||
| Neuropathy Score | ||||||||
| 0-1 | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | ||||
| 2 | −.94 (.18) ** | −.77 (.19) ** | −.10 (.02) ** | −.08 (.02) ** | ||||
| ≥ 3 | −2.42 (.31) ** | −1.66 (.33) ** | −.15 (.03) ** | −.10 (.04) * | ||||
| MMSE | .05 (.02) * | .01 (.00) ** | ||||||
| CES-D ≥ 16 (vs. < 16) | −.63 (.15) ** | −.07 (.02) ** | ||||||
| CHD | .11 (.25) | .01 (.03) | ||||||
| CHF | −.48 (.37) | −.07 (.04) | ||||||
| CKD | −.48 (.16) ** | −.06 (.02) ** | ||||||
| PAD | −.63 (.22) ** | −.06 (.02) * | ||||||
| Stroke | −1.55 (.33) ** | −.12 (.04) ** | ||||||
*
p < 0.05
**
p < 0.01
Abbreviations: BMI = Body Mass Index; IFG = Impaired Fasting Glucose; NCV = Nerve Conduction Velocity; MMSE = Mini Mental State Examination; CES-D = Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale; CHD = Coronary Heart Disease; CHF = Congestive Heart Failure; CKD = Chronic Kidney Disease; PAD = Peripheral Artery Disease