Table 4.
Cox proportional hazards models of predictors of death in prison among opioid-dependent prisoners in New South Wales, Australia, 2000–2012 (n=16 715)
| Predictor | Total time in prison |
First 4 weeks in prison |
||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| All-cause deaths |
Unnatural deaths |
All-cause deaths |
Unnatural deaths |
|||||
| HR (95% CI) | Adjusted HR (95% CI) | HR (95% CI) | Adjusted HR (95% CI) | HR (95% CI) | Adjusted HR (95% CI) | HR (95% CI) | Adjusted HR (95% CI) | |
| Receipt of OST* | 0.25 (0.13 to 0.48) | 0.26 (0.13 to 0.5) | 0.15 (0.06 to 0.39) | 0.13 (0.05 to 0.35) | 0.07 (0.01 to 0.54) | 0.06 (0.01 to 0.48) | 0.08 (0.01 to 0.59) | 0.07 (0.01 to 0.53) |
| Male | 1.21 (0.48 to 3.04) | 0.94 (0.36 to 2.41) | 0.75 (0.29 to 1.96) | 0.57 (0.22 to 1.54) | 0.66 (0.22 to 2.04) | 0.54 (0.16 to 1.76) | 0.48 (0.15 to 1.57) | 0.34 (0.1 to 1.18) |
| Indigenous | 0.64 (0.34 to 1.18) | 0.84 (0.44 to 1.59) | 0.92 (0.44 to 1.9) | 1.02 (0.48 to 2.21) | 0.70 (0.24 to 1.98) | 0.71 (0.23 to 2.13) | 1.13 (0.37 to 3.46) | 0.98 (0.3 to 3.18) |
| Age at prison reception | 1.06 (1.03 to 1.1) | 1.05 (1.01 to 1.09) | 1.03 (0.98 to 1.07) | 1.02 (0.97 to 1.07) | 1.00 (0.93 to 1.07) | 0.98 (0.91 to 1.06) | 0.99 (0.91 to 1.07) | 0.99 (0.91 to 1.07) |
| No of prior incarcerations | 1.01 (0.91 to 1.12) | 1.09 (0.99 to 1.21) | 1.10 (0.97 to 1.24) | 1.13 (0.99 to 1.28) | 0.94 (0.79 to 1.12) | 0.96 (0.81 to 1.14) | 0.99 (0.78 to 1.24) | 1.01 (0.8 to 1.27) |
| Duration of prior incarcerations† | 0.98 (0.96 to 1) | 0.98 (0.96 to 1) | 1.01 (0.98 to 1.04) | 1.01 (0.98 to 1.04) | 0.98 (0.95 to 1.01) | 0.99 (0.95 to 1.02) | 1.02 (0.97 to 1.06) | 1.02 (0.97 to 1.07) |
| Any prior drug offences | 0.95 (0.53 to 1.7) | 0.97 (0.53 to 1.76) | 0.96 (0.46 to 2.01) | 0.92 (0.43 to 1.95) | 1.12 (0.36 to 3.51) | 1.21 (0.38 to 3.82) | 0.84 (0.25 to 2.78) | 0.91 (0.27 to 3.07) |
| Any prior property offences | 0.47 (0.25 to 0.92) | 0.76 (0.37 to 1.57) | 0.71 (0.29 to 1.75) | 0.81 (0.31 to 2.14) | 0.59 (0.13 to 2.69) | 0.70 (0.15 to 3.36) | 1.04 (0.13 to 8.39) | 1.15 (0.14 to 9.67) |
| Any prior violent offences | 0.53 (0.3 to 0.94) | 0.69 (0.37 to 1.26) | 0.65 (0.31 to 1.34) | 0.70 (0.32 to 1.5) | 0.49 (0.18 to 1.33) | 0.49 (0.18 to 1.37) | 0.64 (0.2 to 1.98) | 0.56 (0.17 to 1.83) |
*Time-dependent variable.
†HR refers to change in hazard associated with 28-day increase in duration of prior incarcerations.
OST, opioid substitution treatment.