Insulin-specific CD4+ T cells only become activated and infiltrate the pancreas of NOD mice. Enumeration of InsB10–23r3:I-Ag7 cells in the pLNs, spleen,and non-dLNs combined (SLOs) (A) or pancreas (B) from NOD and B6.g7 mice. Frequency of CD44high insulin-specific CD4+ T cells in the spleen and non-dLNs (C) and pLNs (D) from the NOD and B6.g7 mice shown in (A). Flow cytometry in (A) and (B) was gated on singlet+, CD3+B220−, CD11b−, CD11c−, CD4+, CD8a−, InsB10–23r3:I-Ag7 PE+, and allophycocyanin+; flow cytometry in (C) and (D) also included CD44. Nondiabetic NOD at 3 wk (n = 9), 5 wk (n = 13), 14 wk (n = 13), and 20 wk (n = 17). Diabetic NOD mice (n = 6). B6.g7 mice at 3 wk (n = 4), 5 wk (n = 7), and 20 wk (n = 8). Data are compiled from 15 experiments. *p = 0.01–0.05, **p = 0.001–0.01, ***p < 0.001.