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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2014 Sep 1.
Published in final edited form as: Cytokine. 2013 Jun 10;63(3):230–236. doi: 10.1016/j.cyto.2013.05.007

Figure 2. Interference of PRR-mediated signaling by EVs.

Figure 2

EVs have evolved multiple mechanisms to attenuate and/or modulate PRR signaling at a number of diverse stages. This results in a reduction of type I IFN production and/or NF-κB mediated transcription and allows the virus to evade detection by the innate immune system.