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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2015 Jun 1.
Published in final edited form as: Cognition. 2014 Mar 19;131(3):373–403. doi: 10.1016/j.cognition.2014.01.007

Table 3.

Simple correlations among measure (N=65).

Measure 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23
1. phono. awareness – .34 −.02 −.12 .36 .49 .24 .23 .25 .20 .43 .33 .31 .39 .22 .10 .41 .34 .02 .21 .30 .38 .29
2. phono. memory .57 – −.07 −.15 .15 .19 .15 .08 −.04 .26 .22 .07 .00 .15 .09 .03 .00 .17 −.07 −.18 .03 .08 .09
3. rapid naming −.04 −.08 – −.27 .25 .16 .11 .15 .13 .46 .29 .22 .09 .19 −.05 .08 −.04 .06 .13 .04 −.10 .28 .13
4. rapid color naming −.12 −.15 −.26 – −.31 −.28 −.24 −.32 −.14 −.45 −.35 −.37 −.25 −.25 −.23 −.27 −.14 −.33 −.28 −.02 −.21 −.33 −.17
5. word reading .60 .42 .19 −.29 – .73 .26 .26 .30 .44 .87 .56 .29 .41 .20 .18 .31 .31 .02 .17 .06 .77 .45
6. word identification .70 .47 .11 −.25 .83 – .39 .37 .49 .46 .76 .72 .47 .49 .31 .25 .54 .36 .09 .29 .30 .78 .53
7. reading fluency .50 .40 .08 −.23 .49 .60 – .25 .32 .40 .37 .44 .68 .42 .35 .20 .38 .07 .12 .20 .24 .47 .33
8. reading comp. .57 .42 .08 −.28 .55 .65 .51 – .47 .34 .35 .29 .47 .55 .30 .44 .53 .34 −.01 .09 .52 .40 .20
9. oral comprehension .60 .37 .07 −.14 .59 .73 .58 .72 – .29 .28 .32 .43 .51 .40 .31 .73 .27 −.01 .25 .23 .41 .32
10. reading – words .33 .37 .43 −.44 .50 .52 .48 .44 .40 – .53 .51 .44 .48 .41 .27 .22 .23 .13 .20 .19 .47 .27
11. reading –nonwords .61 .43 .24 −.33 .90 .82 .54 .57 .53 .58 – .68 .43 .46 .19 .14 .34 .24 .01 .26 .28 .79 .44
12. Gray Oral Reading .48 .26 .19 −.37 .64 .76 .55 .47 .49 .56 .74 – .58 .42 .20 .15 .33 .14 .17 .25 .39 .73 .38
13. SDRT .55 .30 .06 −.24 .52 .66 .78 .66 .65 .51 .59 .66 – .49 .24 .11 .51 .15 .08 .41 .51 .48 .27
14. Gates-MacGinitie .61 .39 .10 −.21 .59 .67 .57 .73 .73 .51 .59 .47 .65 – .47 .44 .60 .28 .05 .17 .38 .58 .39
15. print passage comp. .50 .36 −.06 −.22 .46 .56 .54 .56 .63 .48 .42 .37 .48 .61 – .47 .43 .24 .08 .06 .14 .35 .35
16. speech sent. comp. .51 .40 .04 −.23 .51 .59 .50 .70 .67 .38 .44 .37 .45 .65 .67 – .34 .19 −.19 .03 .17 .23 .22
17. receptive vocabulary .67 .38 −.05 −.14 .58 .75 .61 .76 .87 .35 .56 .49 .69 .78 .64 .67 – .36 −.09 .41 .37 .52 .29
18. working memory .59 .44 .03 −.30 .55 .61 .37 .62 .59 .35 .47 .34 .43 .53 .50 .53 .63 – −.03 .18 .17 .32 .07
19. serial order memory .33 .22 .09 −.27 .30 .38 .36 .32 .36 .25 .26 .33 .34 .33 .34 .24 .29 .28 – −.10 −.09 .14 .00
20. recog – authors .39 .06 .03 −.04 .34 .44 .36 .33 .42 .28 .39 .36 .52 .44 .25 .28 .53 .35 .10 – .30 .27 .00
21. recog – magazines .37 .15 −.10 −.22 .17 .36 .32 .54 .31 .24 .35 .44 .53 .31 .24 .27 .41 .27 .04 .35 – .24 .02
22. spelling – words .58 .34 .22 −.31 .84 .84 .61 .61 .61 .54 .84 .78 .63 .67 .53 .50 .68 .53 .36 .40 .32 – .48
23. spelling – nonwords .44 .27 .11 −.18 .56 .62 .46 .40 .48 .35 .54 .47 .42 .50 .48 .41 .45 .28 .19 .14 .11 .57 –
24. IQ .64 .54 −.03 −.06 .57 .65 .54 .66 .73 .28 .50 .39 .55 .65 .71 .56 .69 .61 .50 .22 .36 .51 .38

|r| ≥ .25, p < .05, |r| ≥ .32, p < .01, |r| ≥ .40, p < .001, |r| ≥ .47, p < .0001

*

Correlations among measures without adjustment for variance shared with IQ are below the diagonal. Correlations among measures after partialling out variance shared with IQ are above the diagonal.

Note: Measures 1–4: Comprehensive Test of Phonological Awareness (Wagner et al., 1999); 5–9: Woodcock-Johnson-III Tests of Achievement (Woodcock et al., 2001); 10–11: Test of Word Reading Efficiency (Torgeson et al., 1999); 13: Stanford Diagnostic Reading Test (Karlsen & Gardner, 1995); 15–16: Peabody Individual Achievement Test-Revised (Markwardt, 1998); 17: Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test-Revised (Dunn & Dunn, 1997); 18: listening span (Daneman & Carpenter, 1980); 19: Corsi Blocks (Corkin, 1974); 20–21: Print Exposure (adapted from Cunningham & Stanovich, 1990); 22–23: spelling tests adapted from Shankweiler et al., 1996; 24: Weschler Abbreviated Scales of Intelligence, vocabulary & matrix reasoning subtests (Psychological Corp., 1999)