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. 2014 Apr 10;4:45. doi: 10.3389/fcimb.2014.00045

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Copyright © 2014 Gillette, Curry, Cremer, Ravneberg, Fatehchand, Shah, Wewers, Schlesinger, Butchar, Tridandapani and Gavrilin.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Virulent strains of F. tularensis elicit a dampened cytokine response in monocytes. Primary human monocytes were left untreated (NT) or infected in triplicate for 16 h with either F. novicida (Fn), F. tularensis Schu S4 (Ft), or both at an MOI of 50 for each bacteria. Cell-free supernatants from infected monocytes were collected and assayed by (A) sandwich ELISAs and (B) RT-qPCR for TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-8. “RCN” represents Relative Copy Number for the Y-axis. Graphs represent the mean ± s.e.m. from 4 independent donors. Data were analyzed by ANOVA. ^*p < 0.01 (Fn vs. all groups). There was no significant difference between Ft and Fn + Ft.